Browsing by Author "Twardowska, Irena"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2

Access status: Open Access ,
Dynamika generowania ładunków zanieczyszczeń na składowiskach odpadów górniczych i jej wpływ na środowisko wodne
(Data obrony: 2008) Sarga-Gaczyńska, Monika
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC has been valid in the Europen Union since the year 2000. Its main aim is to ensure protection of waters and reach at least 'good' status of them up to 2015. Realization of these tasks requires identification of a threat, evaluation of its influence on the environment and, where it is indispensable, undertaking remedy procedures to achieve environmental aims in the assumed range and time, i.e. 'good' chemical status of waters. Poland as the greatest producer of black coal in the European Union creates annually the biggest amount of wastes that are a potential or real threat to the environment. Depositing of wastes on the dump and reexploitation of old dump in order to reclaim coal froma wastes can affect considerably processes of generation and migration of pollutions in the body of the dump and groundwaters in their vicinity. Problems of assessment of dynamics of generating pollutions on mining waste dumps and their influence on the chemical groundwater condition in their area has been dealt with in the present elaboration. The subject of model study was a coal mining waste dump Smolnica in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin GZW. The studies have been carried out in laboratory, pilot and field scales. Basing on the results of the laboratory studies - static test, it has been found that in the fine-grained sample of pyrite the reacions of the decomposition of sulfides occured faster in comparison to those of the sample of coarse-grained pyrite. The research have been made in water, with the limited access of oxygen so the reactions were slower than those at the full access of oxygen as it is in the case of the vadose water zone of the upper level dump. It has also been noticed that the pH considerably affects the dynamics of generating pollutions. In the pyrite samples placed in the acid solution there has been noticed a considerably bigger increase in concentrations of heavy metal s when compared to the samples placed in the solution with the neutral reaction. The results of more than 20 year old model lysimetric studies made in the natural hydrological cycle have shown that the infiltration index of wastes decreases with a lapse of time. More that 20 year old lysimetric studies of wastes froma the Smolnica dump: fresh (buffered) wastes - lysimeter SM1 and old (non-buffered) wastes - lysimeter SM2 have also shown that in the leachates of buffered wastes during the complete study cycle the pH was neutral with the tendency to being weakly basic. Concentration of chlorides at the beginning of the experiment was $5888 mg/dm^{3}$, after 20 years it decreased to the value of about $4 mg/dm^{3}$ and its mean value was $78,06 mg/dm^{3}$. The concentration of sulphates decreased from the value $7967 mg/dm^{3}$ at the beginning to the value $210 mg/dm^{3}$ in the year 2005. The mean value of concentration $SO_{4}^{2-}$ was $724,90 mg/dm^{3}$. On the other hand, in the leachates from the lysimeter SM2 (non-buffered wastes the pH was acid all alone the time of experiment. Concentration of chlorides at the beginning of the experiment was about $42 mg/dm^{3}$ and it decreased to the value of $11 mg/dm^{3}$ in 2005. The mean concentration of chlorides $Cl^{-}$ was $30,59 mg/dm^{3}$. At the beginning the $SO_{4}^{2-}$ concentration was about $5000 mg/dm^{3}$, and in 2005 it reached 170 mg/dm , the mean concentration of sulphates $SO_{4}^{2-}$ was $1376,20 mg/dm^{3}$. The lysimteric studies carried out in the natural hydrological cycle also helped to define the half decomposition time of sulphides $t_{1/2}$. For fresh wastes placed in the lysimeter SM1 the half decomposition time tm reached 1155 days and for the old wastes (10 year old) located in the lysimeter SM2 this time was 990 days. The time of lixiviation of $99\%$ sulfides from the wastes ($t_{99}$ calculated on the basis of $t_{1/2}$) was 21 years for the lysimeter SM1 and 18 years for the lysimeter SM2. These times are longer when compared to the real times of lixiviation of sulfides obtained from the studies made in the experimental plot. The real time of lixiviation of $99\%$ sulfides t99 from both fresh and 10 years old wastes reached 16 years. The field studies included the studies of the pore solutions in the undisturbed and redeposited waste layers of the Smolnica dump and the groundwater quality monitoring network (GQMN) of the Smolnica dump. On the basis of the hydrogeochemical profiles of pore solution of undisturbed and disturbed waste layer it has been found that in the case of an undisturbed layer, an increase of polluting components occurs together with depth which is caused by vertical rearrangement of chemical components in the vadose zone of the dump as a result of infiltration of rain waters. In the hydrogeochemical profile of the redeposited layer the constant concentration od $Cl^{-}$ and $SO_{4}^{2-}$ were observed. Such a character of the profile follows from mixing wastes in the technological process and their saturation with technological water. In the layer of redeposited wastes higher concentration of chlorides (reaching $1000 mg/dm^{3}$) were found which is the result of the application of technological saline water in the process of coal reclamation. An increase in concentrations of sulphates in the redeposited layer follows from the activity of the process of decomposition of sulphides caused by an increase in the degree of size reduction of the material, its mixing and exposure to the activity of the air and water. Thus the process of coal reclamation causes significant changes in the chemical composition of porę solutions and an increase in the concentrations $Cl^{-}$ and $SO_{4}^{2-}$. The result of 11 years' (1994-2004) monitoring (GQMN) showed that the Smolnica coal mining waste dump constitutes a longlasting centre of pollutions of groundwater the direction NE) to the dump area are good quality and do not show more serious changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The concentrations of the analyzed components are much smaller in pure than in polluted waters. An increase in chloride salinity, concentrations of sulphates, progressive acidification of the environment and release of iron and manganese are the common directions of the changes of the groundwater quality flowing from the area of Smolnica dump. Significant changes of the groundwater quality in the area of the Smolnica dump are additionally connected with reexploitation of wastes carried out in the years 1988-1997 by the firm Gwarex Ryan Poland. The greatest increase in the concentrations of the components polluting ($Cl^{-}$ and $SO_{4}^{2-}$) in groundwater at the outlet of the dump occured after the activity GRP. Maximum concentration of chlorides and sulphates were recorded along the main direction of waters flowing from the area included in reexploitation and in places where setting tanks of the firm GRP were located.
Access status: Restricted ,
Ocena zagrożenia jakości wód podziemnych w otoczeniu likwidowanych kopalń rud cynku i ołowiu na przykładzie rejonów chrzanowskiego i olkuskiego
(Data obrony: 2008) Syposz-Łuczak, Barbara
Wydział Górnictwa i Geoinżynierii
Zn-Pb mining in the Chrzanow and Olkusz region is coming to the last stage of its activity – to the liquidation. Flooding of exploited underground workings is an autonomous process and it is beginning in the moment of drainage pumps cessation. A mining activity, which is connected with cross-cutting a rock mass and flowing of atmospheric oxygen to the excavations, has generated the weathering processes. During contact groundwater with weathering mineral contact, water is polluted by sulphates and trace elements, therein heavy metals. An implementation of assessment, which can estimate the risk of groundwater quality in connection with a liquidation of Zn-Pb ore mines in the Chrzanow and Olkusz region, was a main purpose of this work. Different types of leaching tests were used to the prognostic investigation. Single batch and serial batch tests gave the informations about amount of pollutants, which are possible to release to the environment during rock material and groundwater contact. Up-flow percolation tests allowed to investigate a complicated process of releasing the accumulated pollutant mass to the solution. An extrapolation of results to real conditions is rather difficult, in respect of methodical meaning. Notwithstanding, the consequences of Zn-Pb excavation in the Chrzanow and Olkusz region will be widen on the time scale at tens or even hundreds years.