Browsing by Subject "regulations"

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Czujniki pomiarowe dla lotnictwa, wymagania
(Data obrony: 2017-01-24) Tomaszek, Grzegorz
Wydział Elektrotechniki, Automatyki, Informatyki i Inżynierii Biomedycznej
Access status: Open Access ,
Environmental friendly drilling fluid management offshore Norway
(2014) Bilstad, Torleiv; Jensen, B.; Toft, Martin
Types and amount of fluids utilized when drilling a well determine to which extent the drilled cuttings are legally considered hazardous waste. The main categories of drilling fluids are oil based (OBM), water based (WBM) and synthetic based mud (SBM). The purpose of adding fluids to the drilling operations is to cool and lubricate the drill bit, to stabilize the well bore, to control subsurface pressure, to control formation pressure, to control well stability. to control corrosion, and to carry cuttings to the surface. Historically, cuttings from drilling sub-surface wells have been depositeddirectly from the platform to the seabed. However, environmental laws and regulations for the Norwegian offshore sector prohibit such practice when the oil on cutting exceeds 1 % by weight. Re-injection of cuttings as a slurry into subsurface formations is still practiced. Due to migration, leaks, re-entering of slurry onto the seabed, and collapsing formations this disposal method is on a decline. Transport of oily cuttings to shore for final treatment is the preferred Norwegian practice. However, cutting treatment on platforms is also continuousl yevaluated. For logistics and cost reasons, as well as health, safety and environmental (HSE) and working environment reasons, emphasis is put on offshore waste minimization, reuse and recycle.Ten onshore locations in Norway are currently receiving cuttings for further treatment and fluid recovery. The treated cuttings are for the most part disposed in landfills.
Access status: Open Access ,
Offshore drilled cuttings management
(2013) Bilstad, Torleiv; Stenberg, E. S.; Jensen, B.; Larsen, T.; Toft, Martin
Unconventional reservoirs play an enormous role in hydrocarbon production in the United States. Marcellus Shale, a Devonian black shale found in the Appalachian Basin, has shown notable promise in the past few years. Shale is a complicated, naturally fractured reservoir with ultra-low matrix permeability. The gas is stored in the limited pore space of these rocks and a sizeable fraction of the gas in place may be adsorbed on the organic material. Shale gas reservoirs differ from conventional reservoirs in that massive stimulation treatments are requiredto achieve economic production. Horizontal wells are the most effective in providing access to the formation to perform multi-stage hydraulic fracturing treatments. The limited field experience with multiple hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells completed in Marcellus Shale indicates that significant increase in initial production can be achieved as the number of hydraulic fractures is increased. However, the production performance, particularly over longer time periods, is not well established. The objective of this study was to investigate the long term production performance of multiply fractured horizontal wells completed in Marcellus Shale. Historical production data and stimulation treatment information have been collected and analyzed for a number of horizontal wells both in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. A commercial reservoir simulator which accounts both for dual porosity behavior and the adsorbed gas was utilized to history match the production performance. Based on the results of the history matching, the long term production performances of the multiply fractured horizontal wells were predicted. The results were then utilized to investigate the production decline behavior of Marcellus Shale horizontal wells. A number of conventional as well as shale specific production decline models were considered in these investigations. The results indicated the presence of different flow periods. The hydraulic fractures appear to dominate the early production performance which is characterized by linear flow. Gas desorption appears to impact on production decline behavior during the intermediate period. The late production is influenced by the reservoir boundaries and is controlled by natural fracture properties. A single decline model often cannot predict the entire production behavior and conventional decline analysis based on the early production data can lead to significant over-prediction of the future production rates or reserves. The results of this study can be utilized as guideline to investigate the feasibility horizontal wells with multiple hydraulic fractures and optimize the production from the shale formation.
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Zagrożenia środowiskowe w eksploatacji złóż ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego - wybrane aspekty
(Data obrony: 2017-03-10) Sikora, Aleksandra
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Celem niniejszej pracy jest omówienie zagrożeń środowiskowych występujących podczas eksploatacji złóż ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, przedstawienie sposobów zwalczania zagrożeń środowiskowych oraz podstawowych rozwiązań chroniących środowisko naturalne. Eksploatacja ropy i gazu może nieść ze sobą negatywne skutki dla środowiska naturalnego. Na obszarach działalności górnictwa naftowego obserwuje się oddziaływanie na wszelkie komponenty środowiska naturalnego - ukształtowanie terenu, stosunki wodne, glebę, faunę, florę, atmosferę. Dodatkowo podczas eksploatacji złóż zlokalizowanych na dnie mórz i oceanów zagrożenia środowiskowe dotyczą ekosystemu morskiego. W celu zwalczania zagrożeń środowiskowych przedsiębiorstwo górnicze powinno zidentyfikować aspekty środowiskowe, sporządzić roczny raport o stanie środowiska, udoskonalać techniki prawidłowej eksploatacji, weryfikować aparaturę pomiarową i przestrzegać obowiązujących regulacji prawnych i norm.