Marzec, Mateusz M.
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Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Modulating Surface Properties and Osteoblast Responses in Bone Regeneration via Positive and Negative Charges during Electrospinning of Poly(L‑lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) Scaffolds(2026) Marszalik, Katarzyna; Polak, Martyna; Berniak, Krzysztof; Knapczyk-Korczak, Joanna; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe global demand for faster and more effective bone regeneration calls for biomimetic scaffolds that actively guide cell behavior beyond providing structural support. Electrospinning offers unique opportunities to tailor scaffold properties, yet the influence of positive and negative voltage polarities during fabrication on cell−material interactions remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) scaffolds, a statistical copolymer combining strength and elasticity, produced under positive (PLCL+) and negative (PLCL−) polarity. Both scaffold types display comparable morphologies and bulk chemistry. However, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals charge dependent surface chemistry, with PLCL− enriched in O C and O−C groups. Zeta potential results highlight pronounced voltage polarity effects under aqueous conditions at pH 7.5, showing −29.19 mV for PLCL+ and −34.77 mV for PLCL−. Biologically, both scaffolds support rapid osteoblast attachment, with robust filopodia and collagen type I deposition by day 14. Strikingly, PLCL+ scaffolds promote deeper cellular infiltration and broader cytoskeletal distribution, whereas PLCL− scaffolds enhance proliferation, but with a flatter cell morphology. These findings reveal that subtle, charge-driven surface chemical differences in random copolymer scaffolds profoundly modulate osteoblast behavior. This work identifies electrospinning voltage polarity as a powerful yet underutilized design parameter for engineering next-generation scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Modulating cell adhesion and infiltration in advanced scaffold designs based on PLLA fibers with rGO and MXene (Ti3C2Tx)(2025) Polak, Martyna; Berniak, Krzysztof; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Knapczyk-Korczak, Joanna; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Purbayanto, Muhammad Abiyyu Kenichi; Jastrzębska, Agnieszka M.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe development of electrospun scaffolds that support cell adhesion and infiltration remains a critical challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, we investigate the influence of two-dimensional (2D) fillers—reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and MXene (Ti3C2Tx)—incorporated into poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) electrospun fibers on their properties and osteoblast responses. The presence of fillers modified fiber arrangement and created varying inter-fiber spacing due to surface charge repulsion and agglomeration. Importantly, surface potential measurements via Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) of PLLA fibers show a significant shift caused by the incorporation of Ti3C2Tx to ∼400 mV compared to ∼50 mV for rGO. In vitro tests indicate that rGO-modified scaffolds support osteoblast infiltration up to ∼100 μm, unlike PLLA fibers, which limit cell infiltration to a maximum of ∼70 μm. However, Ti3C2Tx promotes even deeper (∼120 μm) and more uniform cell's infiltration due to changes in scaffold architecture. High-resolution confocal imaging confirmed that PLLA-Ti3C2Tx fosters larger, elongated adhesion site clusters of cells, whereas rGO increases cell's adhesion site density in relation to PLLA scaffolds without any filler. Our findings highlight the distinct roles of rGO and Ti3C2Tx in modulating scaffold geometry, mechanical behavior, and cellular interactions. Tailoring the composition and distribution of conductive fillers in fibers offers a promising strategy for optimizing scaffold performance in tissue engineering applications.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Interfacial blending in co-axially electrospun polymer core-shell fibers and their interaction with cells via focal adhesion point analysis(2024) Polak, Martyna; Ura, Daniel Paweł; Berniak, Krzysztof; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejElectrospun polymer scaffolds have gained prominence in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressings, due to their customizable properties. As the interplay between cells and materials assumes fundamental significance in biomaterials research, understanding the relationship between fiber properties and cell behaviour is imperative. Nevertheless, altering fiber properties introduces complexity by intertwining mechanical and surface chemistry effects, challenging the differentiation of their individual impacts on cell behaviour. Core-shell fibers present an appealing solution, enabling the control of mechanical properties of scaffolds, flexibility in material and drug selection, efficient encapsulation, strong protection of bioactive drugs against harsh environments, and controlled, prolonged drug release. This study addresses a key challenge in core-shell fiber design related to the blending effect between core and shell polymers. Two types of fibers, PMMA and core-shell PC-PMMA, were electrospun, and thorough analyses confirmed the desired core-shell structure in PC-PMMA fibers. Surface chemistry analysis revealed PC diffusion to the PMMA shell of the core-shell fiber during electrospinning, subsequently prompting an investigation of the fiber’s surface potential. Conducting cellular studies on osteoblasts by super-resolution confocal microscopy provided insights into the direct influence of interfacial polymer blending and, consequently, altered fiber surface and mechanical properties on cell focal adhesion points, bridging the gap between material attributes and cell responses in core-shell fibers.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Electrodeposition of Cu-Cu2O composite films of adjustable band structure for photoelectrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons(2024) Mech, Krzysztof; Podborska, Agnieszka; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Szaciłowski, Konrad; Ponce de Leon, Carlos
Akademickie Centrum Materiałów i NanotechnologiiThe electrodeposited $Cu-Cu_{2}O$ composite films were investigated in terms of their selectivity, efficiency, and stability in the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conversion of $CO_{2}$ to hydrocarbons. Composite films were deposited at various potentials from an alkaline copper(II) lactate solution. The influence of electrode potential on the structure, morphology, and location of the valence and conduction bands was investigated. Finally, the catalytic activity of the materials was investigated in the dark and under illumination at various potentials in a $CO_{2}$-saturated $KHCO_{3}$ solution. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that maximum concentrations of $CH_{4}$ and $C_{2}H_{4}$ were observed under illumination and amounted to 13.37 and 8.99%, respectively. The highest Faradaic efficiencies for ethylene formation were observed at - 0.893 V vs. RHE, while for methane at - 0.893 V or 0.993 V, depending on the applied deposition potential. Performed studies indicated that at even relatively low conversion potentials, $Cu_{2}O$ may not be fully reduced to metallic copper and therefore affects the mechanism and kinetics of electrode reactions. Moreover, reported results indicated possibilities for controlling the selectivity toward the formation of hydrocarbons through proper selection of the composite synthesis conditions and conversion parameters as well.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Comparative Physicochemical Characterization of Electrospun PCL, PLLA, and PLCL Scaffolds and Cell Responses for Tissue Engineering Applications(2026) Polak, Martyna; Neela, Nagalekshmi Uma Thanu Krishnan; Berniak, Krzysztof; Knapczyk-Korczak, Joanna; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejIn tissue engineering, electrospun scaffolds are valued for their tunable features, which direct cell behavior. Within this study, we electrospun scaffolds from three common polyesters: polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), to identify differences in cell–material interactions. PLLA fibers had the largest average diameter (2.6 ± 0.2 µm), PLCL fiber diameter was intermediate (2.2 ± 0.5 µm), and PCL was the smallest (1.1 ± 0.6 µm). Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed distinct surface chemistries that are correlated with streaming potential results at pH 7.4. PLCL fibers showed the most negative zeta potential (−36.4 ± 0.7 mV), followed by PLLA (−28.4 ± 0.8 mV) and PCL (−24.0 ± 0.5 mV). Mechanical testing indicates the highest strength for PLCL mats (5.6 ± 0.9 MPa), then PLLA (3.5 ± 0.3 MPa) and PCL (1.9 ± 0.1 MPa). Cell studies indicated lower initial adhesion of osteoblasts on PLCL (∼53%↓) and PLLA (∼73.6%↓) vs. PCL, likely reflecting PCL scaffold morphology; however, viability at 3 and 7 days was significantly higher on PLCL and PLLA. Microscopy studies confirmed greater filopodia and cell spreading on PLCL and PLLA. Overall, all three are suitable scaffold materials, with PLCL and PLLA supporting cytoskeleton organization and viability better.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Flexible and thermally insulating porous materials utilizing hollow double-shell polymer fibers(2024) Knapczyk-Korczak, Joanna; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Berniak, Krzysztof; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Frąc, Maksymilian; Pichór, Waldemar; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe global climate change is mainly caused by carbon dioxide ($CO_{2}$) emissions. To help reduce $CO_{2}$ emissions and conserve thermal energy, sustainable materials based on flexible thermal insulation are developed to minimize heat flux, drawing inspiration from natural systems such as polar bear hairs. The unique structure of hollow double-shell fibers makes it possible to achieve low thermal conductivity in the material while retaining exceptional elasticity, allowing it to adapt to insulation systems of any shape. The layered system of porous mats reaches a thermal conductivity coefficient of $0.031 W∙m^{−1}∙K^{−1}$ and enables to reduce the heat transfer. The results achieved using scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) correlate with the simulated heat flow in the case of individual fibers. This research study brings new insights into the energy efficiency of domestic environments, thereby addressing the growing demand for sustainable and high-performance insulation materials for saving energy loss and reducing pollution footprint.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Electrodeposited copper-cuprite layers modified with rGO for light-supported conversion of $CO_{2}$ to methane and ethylene(2025) Mech, Krzysztof; Kolbusz, Patrycja; Sławek, Andrzej; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Csapó, Edit
Akademickie Centrum Materiałów i Nanotechnologii$Cu-Cu_{2}O-rGO$ composite layers were electrodeposited for the first time from alkaline copper(II) lactate-based electrolytes containing dispersed rGO flakes. The properties of electrodeposited composite materials are strongly affected by applied potentials. Obtained layers were investigated towards their catalytic activity in electro- and photoelectrochemical artificial $CO_{2}$-based synthesis of hydrocarbons. The effect of applied potential on the morphology, crystallographic structure, band gap, and conduction and valence band location was investigated. The catalytic performance of the electrodeposited layers was analyzed in $CO_{2}$-saturated $KHCO_{3}$ electrolyte under the dark and at light illumination applying different conversion potentials. The stability of the obtained layers was analysed based on XPS and XAS results. Maximal Faradaic efficiencies for methane and ethylene formation were achieved in the presence of light and amounted to 10 and 9.91%, respectively. Reported results indicate that the presence of rGO in deposited layers significantly affects the band structure of electrodeposited layers. It was also observed that even slight modification of electrodeposition or conversion potential results in noticeable differences in Faradaic efficiency corresponding to hydrocarbons formation.