Gaweł, Adam
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nauki o Ziemi i środowisku
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Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Właściwości mieszanin gruntowo-popiołowych i ich wykorzystanie w inżynierii środowiska(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2007) Rybicki, Stanisław; Górniak, Katarzyna; Gaweł, AdamThe paper presents the results of studies on physico-mechanical, mineralogical and structural properties of mixtures composed of cohesive dump soils originating from the »Turów« lignite open pit mine and fly ash derived from the »Turów« power plant, which burns lignite from this mine. The dump soils, which include mostly Miocene clays with minor sands and gravels were mixed with variable proportions of raw fly ash, desulphurized fly ash from pulverized fuel furnaces and desulphurized fly ash from fluidized fuel furnaces. Fly ash and soil mixtures have been subjected to setting for 28 days under the optimum moisture content. Then physical and chemical properties, phase composition, mineralogical composition and microstructures were determined. Similar properties were measured for soils and for three types of fly ash. The results demonstrated the increasing shear strength parameters - mainly cohesion, particularly for mixtures of fluidized fly ash and soil. The changes and pecularities of mineral and phase compositions, and mixrostructures were described, which control the properties of mixtures. The possible applications of fly ash and soil mixtures in environment engineering were proposed.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , »Four-letters« (γ → ε → β → α) thermal transformation of Si-rich ferrihydrite(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2015) Pieczara, Gabriela; Rzepa, Grzegorz; Gaweł, Adam; Tomczyk, AnnaFerrihydrite is a poorly ordered iron (oxyhydr)oxide, ubiquitous in near-surface environments, where it is an important scavenger of numerous toxic metals and metalloids (Cornell & Schwertmann 2003).Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Żelazowo-żelazawe odmiany sepiolitu i saponitu z diabazów z Niedźwiedziej Góry koło Krakowa(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2008) Gaweł, Adam; Muszyński, Marek; Pieczka, Adam; Skowroński, Andrzej; Stoch, PawełIn fracture veins found in the so-called diabases of Niedźwiedzia Góra near Cracow the authors have identified ferriferrous varieties of sepiolite: $Ca_{0.09}(Mg_{2.35}Fe^{3+} _{0.82}Fe^{2+} _{0.33}Mn_{0.05})_{\Sigma 3.55}[(Si_{5.92}Al_{0.07}Fe^{3+} _{0.02})O_{15}](OH)_{2} \cdot 6H_{2}O$ and saponite: $(Ca_{0.018}K_{<0.01})(Mg_{1.55}Fe^{3+} _{0.61}Fe^{2+} _{0.38}Al_{0.16}Ti_{0.01})_{\Sigma 2.71}[(Si_{3.46}Al_{0.37}Fe^{3+} _{0.17})O_{10}] (OH)_{2} \cdot 4H_{2}0$, two minerals rarely occurring in the nature. They are accompanied mainly by quartz (sometimes with chalcedony) and calcite, whereas less frequently by pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, barite, fluorapatite and Ti-Fe oxides (ilmenite?). The veins represent a distinct system that must be interpreted as a result of epithermal postmagmatic activity. The sepiolite rich in iron, the minerals of the $SiO_2$ group, calcite, barite and Fe and Zn sulphides crystallized directly from solutions in rock fractures. The iron-rich saponite is, in turn, a product of alteration of the diabase rubble present initially in the fractures (apatite and Ti-Fe oxides are its relicts), affected by these solutions. The saponite must have originated as a ferrous variety in a reducing environment. Its current, ferriferrous character is an effect of later changes imparted by descending, oxygen-rich waters, percolating through the fractures after the erosion removed overlaying Carboniferous rocks and an upper part of the diabase sill.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Fasetowane ziarna granatów z pstrego piaskowca monokliny przedsudeckiej okolicy Głogowa (SW Polska)(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2007) Muszyński, Marek; Gaweł, Adam; Skowroński, AndrzejThe authors studied (optical microscopy, SEM/EDS, XRD, IR) the so-called faceted garnets found in heavy mineral fractions, separated out from the sandstones of the Buntsandstein on the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The garnets represent almandine members of the almandine-pyrope series (almandine prevails over pyrope) and usually contain a subordinate admixture of the grossular member, whereas are devoid of the spessartine member. An alimentation area of these minerals was probably situated in the Sudetes, where garnets with a similar composition occur in some exposed rocks of the eclogite and granulite facies. The authors agree with currently prevailing opinions that the faceted garnets (co-occurring with rounded grains of zircon, tourmaline, rutile, apatite, and even mica flakes) were formed due to their selective diagenetic leaching by porous solutions. The process must have proceeded slowly in an alkaline or, possibly, neutral environment (it is proved by the presence of unleached apatite and domination of smectites in the bounding mass of the sandstones), under conditions approaching chemical equilibrium between garnets and the porous solutions.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , The influence of silicate content on thermal stability of 2-line ferrihydrite and properties of its transformation products(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2014) Pieczara, Gabriela; Rzepa, Grzegorz; Gaweł, AdamNaturally occurring ferrihydrite ($Fe_{5}HO_{8} \cdot 4H_{2}O$) is a poorly ordered iron (oxyhydr)oxide mineral, with non-stoichiometric composition and not fully understood structure. Because of its unique chemical and physical properties, such as low crystallinity, high surface area and surface reactivity, ferrihydrite plays significant role in e.g. inorganic weathering processes, biochemical cycling of iron and as a sorbent in various near-surface environments.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Middle Jurassic black shales (Skrzypny Shale Formation) - palaeoenvironmental significance of one of the oldest deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2008) Górniak, Katarzyna; Bahranowski, Krzysztof; Gaweł, Adam; Marynowski, Leszek; Szydłak, TadeuszThis paper deals with a fragment of geological history of Middle Jurassic black spherosideritic shales outcropping in upper part of the Homole Gorge (Skrzypny Shale Formation, Niedzica succession). These important deposits belong to the Flackenmergel facies, widespread in oceanic Tethyan deposits. This formation represents one of the oldest rocks of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Dark colour of these rocks (total organic carbon content in them amounts to about 1 wt.%) and the occurrence of siderite concretions indicate reducing conditions of their origin but oxidizing environment of waters above them in sedimentary basin. Oxic conditions of organic matter sedimentation are confirmed by the elevated values of pristine to phytane ratio. Moreover the results based on n-alkanes indicate mixed terrestrial/marine origin of organic matter with prevalence of the last one These information are slightly obliterated because of advanced thermal maturity of organic matter caused by postsedimentation processes. Microstructural features of deposits of the Skrzypny Shale Formation and the composition of clay minerals occurring in them indicate late diagenetic conditions. In SEM images we observe one-directional orientation of clay minerals and rotation of mica flakes, often chloritized. Clay minerals are represented by high-illitic illite/smectite, micas, post-biotitic chlorite and subordinately kaolinite. As follows from authors studies, these macroscopically nearly “mute” clay rocks, little interesting in outcrops, particularly when they occur in such attractive geological objects as the Homole Gorge, can be the source of important information concerning the history of sedimentation basins.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Alunogen from the sulfate efflorescence of the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice (the Outer Carpathian Mountains, Poland)(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2023) Marszałek, Mariola; Gaweł, AdamAlunogen $(Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3} \cdot 17H_{2}O)$, a rare secondary mineral, has been found in the efflorescence on sandstones from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice, southeastern Poland. This is probably the first find of this salt on such rocks in Poland. Alunogen forms in various geological environments, but mainly from the oxidation of pyrite and other metal sulfides in ore deposits and Al-rich Earth materials under low-pH conditions. Its crystallization at this particular site depends on a set of necessary physicochemical (pH, concentration), climatic (season, temperature, humidity), site-related (location and protection of efflorescence), and mineralogical (the presence of pyrite) conditions. This paper presents the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the alunogen from the Stone Town Nature Reserve (based on SEM-EDS, XRPD, EPMA and Raman spectroscopy methods) as well as of the efflorescence itself (based on XRPD and STA coupled with QMS and FTIR for the analysis of gas products). Crystals of alunogen take the shape of flakes, often with a hexagonal outline, clustered in aggregates forming a cellular network. Its calculated formula is $(Al_{1.96}Fe^{3+}_{0.01})_{\Sigma1.97}(SO_{4})_{3} \cdot 17H_{2}O$ (based on 12 $O$ and 17 $H_{2}O$). The unit-cell parameters refined for the triclinic space group P1 are: $\alpha$ = 7.423 (1) Ǻ, $b$ = 26.913 (5) Ǻ, $c$ = 6.056 (1) Ǻ, $\alpha$ = 89.974 (23)°, $\beta$ = 97.560 (25)°, $\gamma$ = 91.910 (22)°. The Raman spectra ($SO_{4}$) bands are: intensive 995 cm$^{-1}$ ($ν_{1}$), low-intensive 1069, 1093 and 1127 cm$^{-1}$ ($ν_{3}$), low-intensive 419 and 443, medium-intensive 470 cm$^{-1}$ ($ν_{2}$), and medium-intensive 616 cm$^{-1}$ ($ν_{4}$). Those at 530, 312 and at 338 cm$^{-1}$ are assigned to water vibrations and those at 135, 156, 180 cm$^{-1}$ to the lattice modes. Although the efflorescence contained an admixture of other minerals (pickeringite, gypsum and quartz), the predominant alunogen is almost chemically pure and the above parameters are consistent with the values reported in the literature for alunogen from different locations and of various origins.