Hałaj, Elżbieta
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inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka
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Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Centre of Sustainable Development and Energy Saving »Miękinia«(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2016) Górecki, Wojciech; Kotyza, Jarosław; Hałaj, Elżbieta ; Luboń, Wojciech; Pełka, GrzegorzItem type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Examples of applications of geothermal waters for recreation, heating and bottling in selected regions of Hungary(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2013) Hałaj, Elżbieta ; Wachowicz-Pyzik, AnnaDue to the favourable geothermal conditions in Hungary, where the geothermal gradient is about 1.5 times greater than the world average, the country has numerous centers, which use geothermal waters directly for heating, recreation, or bottling purposes. There are plenty of thermal and mineral water springs, most of which were known even 4000 years ago. This article presents different applications of geothermal waters, illustrated with examples of spas, recreation and balneology centers like the largest spa complexes in Europe - Széchenyi Spa and 500 years old Rudas Spa located in Budapest, Egerszalók with unique travertine deposit or Miscolctapolca in the area of Miskolc where a thermal karstic cave system originally carved and dissolved by the water in karstified Triassic limestone was transformed into a complex of geothermal swimming pools. The dynamic development of the geothermal energy uses system in Veresegyház, which total installed thermal capacity is nearly 13 MW with the total track length of 15 km geothermal pipe line, classify the Veresegyház as one of the most extended geothermal systems in Hungary.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Preliminary comparative analysis of underground thermal energy storage, shallow and deep geothermal energy solutions for sustainable district heating in Poland(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2025) Hałaj, ElżbietaThis paper explores shallow and deep energy technologies supporting Poland’s district heating transition, focusing on aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), deep geothermal energy, and energy piles. Heating accounts for a major share of energy consumption and emissions in Poland, where district heating networks are essential for urban energy supply. National policies promote renewable energy integration and energy security, presenting opportunities for geothermal and underground thermal storage solutions. ATES and BTES offer seasonal heat storage by cycling thermal energy in subsurface aquifers and boreholes respectively, balancing variable heat demand and renewable supply. Deep geothermal energy provides stable base- -load heat via extraction from deep reservoirs, contributing reliable renewable heat despite requiring significant investment and geological specificity. Energy piles represent an innovative technology, combining building foundation piles with embedded heat exchangers, enabling efficient ground heat use for heating and cooling without additional land or deep drilling. This method is especially suited for urban environments and contributes to cost-effective decarbonization. The paper compares technical principles, geological conditions, performance, economic and environmental aspects of these technologies, highlighting their complementary roles in enhancing heat network flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability. The findings inform strategic planning and policy development to optimize Poland’s renewable heat infrastructure, supporting climate targets and energy independence for widespread adoption.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Main geothermal water resources that can be used in balneology in the Polish Lowlands(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2012) Hałaj, ElżbietaGeothermal waters can be used in two ways: for direct utilisation and for indirect utilization - electricity generation. Direct utilization of geothermal waters is mainly considered for space heating. But geothermal waters could be widely use in balneology and recreation too.