Geology and geomorphology as reasons for location of archaeological sites, Egypt

Abstract

Geological investigation of archaeological sites conducted by the author from 1979 in a vast area from Upper Egypt up to the Delta are presented (Hierakonpolis, Armant, Qurna - Deir el-Bahari, el-Tarif, Fayum - Qasr el-Sagha, Tell el-Farkha) in the study. There are described general (united) geological profiles done on the basis of field observation of both archaeological and natural outcrops (a lot of archaeological as well as natural outcrops). Obtained data help to perform correlation of sediments between described sites and propose reconstruction of paleo-environment and climate conditions at the phase of Late Neolithic - Early Dynastic transition. The mentioned observation and reconstruction has led to conclusion, that at the phase of the transition climate was extremely dry. This dry climatic phase is the factor, that most probably constitute very difficult conditions for life and agriculture, which obligated the Egyptians to the reorganization of life, i.e. was the reason for creation of dynastic Egypt.