Browsing by Subject "Russia"

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Access status: Open Access ,
25 years of Gazprom on the gas market
(2015) Kosowska, Katarzyna; Kosowski, Piotr
Gas sector was one of the best growing industries of the Soviet Union in the last two decades of its existence. This was made possible thanks to the discovery and exploitation of natural gas fields in Western Siberia, as well as the construction of transmission infrastructure - domestic and export pipelines. The history of the Russian gas industry is inextricably linked with the activity of Gazprom, the gas concern set up in 1989 in place of liquidated Ministry of Gas Industry. The article gives a summary of the 25-year history of Gazprom and its economic, social and political role. It discusses activities of the company on internal and external markets, issues of gas reserves, production and transmission, as well as the financial and political relationship with the authorities of the Russian Federation.
Access status: Open Access ,
Czynniki kształtujące ceny ropy naftowej w świecie w roku 2010
(2011) Kaliski, Maciej; Jedynak, Zdzisław; Białek, Maciej
Crude oil is one of the most desirable products of the world, without which no state can function correctly. However, the imperfection of the competition in this branch of petroleum makes that only a threat of disruptions in production is an impulse to speculation on the world's commercial merchandise exchanges. It is worth mentioning that geographic distribution of deposits of this raw material is uneven, with only a narrow group of subjects mining it. However, the highest level of demand for petroleum is in industrialized states, where stocks of this product are not sufficient. The purpose of this article is to identify the phenomena which take place in the socio-economic environment in the world. The actions taken will make it possible to determine their influence on the level and dynamics of petroleum price changes in 2010. The article ends with available predictions for years 2011-2012.
Access status: Open Access ,
Czynniki kształtujące ceny ropy naftowej w świecie w roku 2011
(2012) Kaliski, Maciej; Jedynak, Zdzisław; Białek, Maciej
Ropa naftowa to strategiczny surowiec o ograniczonym dostępności, którego zasoby nie pozwalają na pełne zaspokojenie wszystkich zgłaszanych na nią potrzeb. Z jednej strony wynika to z nieograniczonych i stale wzrastających potrzeb paliwowych człowieka. Z drugiej, jest efektem ograniczonej ilości surowca, który może być dostarczony w danym miejscu i czasie. Należy podkreślić, że obecnie światowy bilans popytu i podaży na ropę kształtuje się na wyrównanym poziomie. Natomiast niedoskonałość konkurencji w sektorze naftowym sprawia, że jedynie groźba pojawienia się zakłóceń w dostawach tego surowca jest impulsem do wzrostu jego cen na giełdach towarowych. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zjawisk zachodzących w światowym otoczeniu społeczno-gospodarczym. Podejmowane działania umożliwiają określenie ich wpływu na poziom i dynamikę zmian ceny ropy naftowej w roku 2011. Artykuł kończy prognoza na lata 2012-2013.
Access status: Open Access ,
Nowodziennikarskie eksperymenty z formą reportażu podróżniczego. Kazus »Białej gorączki« Jacka Hugo-Badera
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2019) Żyrek-Horodyska, Edyta
The purpose of this article is to discuss Biała gorączka (White fever) by Jacek Hugo-Bader which can be treated as a text which correspond with the main ideas of the New Journalism. The analysis of Biała gorączka show that the image of Russia outlined in this volume is inspired by road novel and gonzo journalism. The contemporary travel reportage strongly exposes the author’s impressions and opinions. It establishes dialogue with the reader and looks for inspiration in the language characteristic for fictional genres. The journalist-traveler presents numerous limitations of reportage and often uses the elements characteristic for literary and journalistic genres.
Access status: Open Access ,
Russian oil and gas industry on the eve of changes
(2017) Kosowska, Katarzyna; Kosowski, Piotr
In 2016 Russia’s oil and gas industry celebrated 150th anniversary of its creation. It was a breakthrough moment in the history of Russian economy’s development due to two main rea-sons: firstly, it was a strong impulse to develop the national oil industry, secondly, a proof of huge technological potential of Russia. Today, when oil industry is at its best technological revolution, Russian oil sector loses to its competitors due to the lack of any reforms for two decades. But it is still the most important part of Russian economy - income from export of raw materials (mainly crude oil) has been a crucial part of federal budget (around 50%) which allows to subsidize other branches of economy. In the coming years Russia’s oil sector will have to face many challenges, both external (low oil price, sanctions) and internal (reducing production level, tax reforms). It is highly probable that despite negative experience of economic crisis, Russia’s authorities will not resign from the perception of oil sector as a driving force of the national economy. But Russia should find and develop other tradable industries or its long-term economic prospect will not be optimistic.
Access status: Open Access ,
Rynek LNG w Europie a niekonwencjonalne źródła gazu ziemnego
(2010) Kaliski, Maciej; Krupa, Marcin; Sikora, Andrzej
The role of natural gas in the world's energy supply is growing rapidly. Since the autumn of 2008, the global LNG supply/demand balance has changed dramatically especially in the US. Forecasts showed, that in the future potential world demand for LNG will be higher then supply over about 35 bln m3. The most competitive region will be Atlantic Ocean market where there is estimation for available supply for ca. 150-160 bln m3 natural gas in liquid form and potential demand which will reach the level of even 225-230 bln m3 natural gas. In such circumstances Europe could "in reality" buy max. 80-90 bln m3 natural gas in LNG form without additional overpayment for such commodity. Recent announcements evaluate increase of the CBM, tight sand gas and shale gas production to 2020 by major players i.e. Sweden, Poland and Germany. These new players could or will ensure shale gas production growth in the next decade. Marekt situation is developing rapidly. While the LNG situation is changing dramatically and there are the factors which are additionally expected to the great influence on the LNG market. Authors discuss the LNG balance for the European market. Article focuses on possible influence of unconventional gas in Europe which will be evaluated together with LNG supply/ demand balance.
Access status: Open Access ,
Socio-economic dependence on the state and voting behaviour in Russia
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2020) Brunarska, Zuzanna
The paper attempts to determine whether an individual's socio-economic dependence on the state in Russia translates into a higher propensity to turn out for elections and to vote for the ruling party or its candidate. It also explores the mechanisms employed by the state to mobilise dependent voters based on the case of two contrasting regions: Yaroslavl Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan. The quantitative analysis carried out based on data coming from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the Higher School of Economics indicates a positive association between socio-economic dependence on the state and turnout in regard to sector and formal nature of employment, pensioner status and rural residence. At the same time, the results do not provide sufficient evidence to state that dependence on the state in these spheres makes people more likely to cast their votes for the ruling elites (with rural residence constituting an exception).
Access status: Open Access ,
The geopolitics of Gazprom’s pipelines
(2016) Kosowska, Katarzyna; Kosowski, Piotr
The natural gas market over the years has been strongly dependent on pipeline transport and based on it a gas market was created and functioned. For this reason, unlikely to the oil market, the global gas market was not created and did not function, but only national, regional and continental markets separated from the others functioned. The consequence of this situation is the fact that the key importers of Russian gas abroad are the CIS and European countries. The Kremlin hiding behind Gazprom has consistently pursued a policy of diversification of export transmission system, designed to eliminate “problematic” transit countries such as Ukraine. That aim can be accomplished by completed and planned pipelines’ diversification projects.