Browsing by Subject "deterioration"

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15

Access status: Open Access ,
Badania ultradźwiękowe w ocenie deterioracji skał
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Pinińska, Joanna; Bobrowska, Alicja; Pamukcu, Cagatay
In an ageing process of stonework elements their strength and decoration value are changing. Ultrasonic method of nondestructive testing is especially applicable in determining the state of the art of rock deterioration and in forecasting and controlling further stages of changes. Tested were, alike, fresh rock samples and samples of deteriorated stoneworks from various locations, subjected to artificial ageing by cyclic freezing, saturating with salt solutions leading to fast drying and crystallizing of salts, and increasing of rock temperature. The poster shows results of comparable researches of ageing travertines from the Raciszyn quarry in Poland and from two locations in Hierapolis, Turkey.
Access status: Open Access ,
Batch scheduling of deteriorating products
(2007) Barketau, Maksim S.; Cheng, T. C. Edwin; Kovalëv, Mihail Y.; Ng, C. T. Daniel
In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling $N$ jobs on a single machine, where the jobs are processed in batches and the processing time of each job is a simple linear increasing function depending on job's waiting time, which is the time between the start of the processing of the batch to which the job belongs and the start of the processing of the job. Each batch starts from the setup time $S$. Jobs which are assigned to the batch are being prepared for the processing during time $S_{0} < S$. After this preparation they are ready to be processed one by one. The non-negative number $b_i$ is associated with job $i$. The processing time of the $i$-th job is equal to $b_{i}(s_{i} - (s_{i}^{b} + S0))$, where $s_{i}^{b}$ and $s_i$ are the starting time of the $b$-th batch to which the $i$-th job belongs and the starting time of this job, respectively. The objective is to minimize the completion time of the last job. We show that the problem is NP-hard. After that we present an $O(N)$ time algorithm solving the problem optimally for the case $b_{i} = b$. We further present an $O(N^{2})$ time approximation algorithm with a performance guarantee 2.
Access status: Open Access ,
Black »marble« in the Polish architecture - characteristics and possibility of its provenance determination: the case of the Dębnik limestone
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2014) Marszałek, Mariola
Black limestone, also known as black »marble«, was widely used in the Polish small-scale architecture and art of the 17$^{th}$ and 18$^{th}$ centuries. Besides the Devonian limestone from Dębnik near Krakow, also popular were the Netherlandish (Wallonian), Devonian to Carboniferous limestones from the Meuse River and Schelde River valleys. This paper deals with the possibility of identifying the rocks imported to Poland. Macroscopic similarities between the Netherlandish rocks and some Dębnik limestones have been highlighted for the oldest Carmelite quarry in Dębnik, exploiting the best stones. The analyses include: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and isotope ratio mass spectrometry ($^{13}$C and $^{18}$O stable isotopes). Carboniferous limestones from Netherlands can be identified within and distinguished from the Dębnik limestone in the macroscopic observations. Differences, depending on the varieties, are associated primarily with the presence of white calcite fragments of fossils, calcite veins intersecting the rock in all directions or hardness of the limestones. Deeply black Devonian limestones from Wallonia and Dębnik without macrofossils and calcite veins differ in microscopic observations considering their texture, type of microfossils and inventory of non-carbonate components. The characteristic graying and whitening of the black limestones has also been discussed as a possible feature of rock provenance.
Access status: Restricted ,
Charakterystyka czarnych naskorupień z piaskowcowych detali architektonicznych
(Data obrony: 2013-07-16) Orzechowska, Anita
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Black crusts formed on a sandstone elements are common phenomena in polluted urban environment. The outer layers from architectonic elements of Czapski Palace and Czartoryski Museum in Cracow were investigated in this study research. The following methods were used : optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM, X-Ray diffraction XRD, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis and chemical analysis. The presence of gypsum, halite, iron oxides spheres, Si-Al glass spheres, fly ash and organic matter were revealed on the black layer overlying sandstone elements. Increased metal contents of Zn, Ba, Pb and Cu were discovered on the black outer layers, in relation to the internal layers. It points on the fundamental importance of air pollution in the process of weathering and the formation of black crusts.
Access status: Restricted ,
Charakterystyka wykształcenia i stanu zachowania piaskowców karpackich zastosowanych w przydrożnych figurach i kapliczkach południowej części Krakowa
(Data obrony: 2011-01-11) Uhryńska, Anna; Sowa, Marcin
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The southern part of Cracow contains many objects of so-called small architecture among which you can see the roadside figures and shrines. Such a great number of them is closely connected with folk beliefs and religious spirit so common among Polish nation. Their popularity was influenced by nearby crowbars full of stone which was used in such structures. The work also includes the characteristics of the factors influencing the deterioration of stone in these structures. Apart from that, the analysis of 29 samples taken from 30 objects was conducted. Thanks to the macro- and microscopic observations, and to the results of EDS analysis, it has been proved that most of the stone deterioration is due to the activity of the following factors: antropogenic, mechanic and biological ones. It is necessary to renovate the damaged objects in order to retreat their initial look.
Access status: Restricted ,
Charakterystyka wykształcenia i stanu zachowania piaskowców karpackich zastosowanych w przydrożnych figurach i kapliczkach południowej części Krakowa
(Data obrony: 2011-01-11) Sowa, Marcin; Uhryńska, Anna
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The southern part of Cracow contains many objects of so-called small architecture among which you can see the roadside figures and shrines. Such a great number of them is closely connected with folk beliefs and religious spirit so common among Polish nation. Their popularity was influenced by nearby crowbars full of stone which was used in such structures. The work also includes the characteristics of the factors influencing the deterioration of stone in these structures. Apart from that, the analysis of 29 samples taken from 30 objects was conducted. Thanks to the macro- and microscopic observations, and to the results of EDS analysis, it has been proved that most of the stone deterioration is due to the activity of the following factors: antropogenic, mechanic and biological ones. It is necessary to renovate the damaged objects in order to retreat their initial look.
Access status: Restricted ,
Deterioracja kamiennych elementów elewacji kościoła św. Mikołaja w Krakowie
(Data obrony: 2018-03-26) Musiał, Anna
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań deterioracji kamiennych elementów oraz zaprawy pobranych z murów XII wiecznego kościoła św. Mikołaja przy ulicy Kopernika w Krakowie przed jego renowacją. Przeprowadzone badania obejmowały obserwacje mikroskopowe przy użyciu mikroskopu optycznego oraz elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego z przystawką do punktowej analizy składu chemicznego (SEM-EDS), a także analizę fazową metodą dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej (XRPD) oraz spektroskopię mikro-ramanowską. Wykonane analizy pozwoliły zaobserwować, że poza minerałami pierwotnie budującymi wapień i piaskowiec, w nawarstwieniach występują fazy siarczanowe, np. gips. Ponadto przypuszcza się, że bassanit, coquimbit, ettryngit stanowiły składniki zaprawy. Nie wyklucza się również, że do ich powstawania, na drodze przeobrażeń, niezbędna była obecność SO2. W nawarstwieniach wapieni zaobserwowano występowanie pierwiastków: Cu, Ti, Zn, P, Pb, Ba natomiast w nawarstwieniach piaskowców dodatkowo stwierdzono obecność Ni, Mn, Sr, Cr. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, iż zanieczyszczenia atmosferyczne przyczyniają się do wzmożonej deterioracji kamiennych elementów zabudowań miasta, intensyfikując naturalny proces ich niszczenia.
Access status: Restricted ,
Kamienne mosty Krakowa - charakterystyka litologiczna zastosowanych skał i przejawy ich deterioracji
(Data obrony: 2009-12-22) Sokołowska, Mariola; Stankowska, Renata
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The aim of this M.A. thesis was gathering and providing the information of engineering structures such as bridges, overpasses and culverts, in which the stone has been applied to their construction or decoration. Work is a study on stone material lithology used in these structures in the city of Cracow. In addition, the profile of the stone building's deterioration processes has been done. There was an analysis of the 44 samples from 16 sites. On the basis of the macro- and microscopic observation, as well as results of the EDS analysis it was proved that considerable number of the applied stone have been seriously damaged by the influence of anthropogenic, mechanical and biological factors. Therefore appropriate conservation and revaluation works seem to be necessary in order that the stone parts of these structures could fulfil their functions as long as possible.
Access status: Restricted ,
Kamienne mosty Krakowa - charakterystyka litologiczna zastosowanych skał i przejawy ich deterioracji
(Data obrony: 2009-12-22) Stankowska, Renata; Sokołowska, Mariola
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The aim of this M.A. thesis was gathering and providing the information of engineering structures such as bridges, overpasses and culverts, in which the stone has been applied to their construction or decoration. Work is a study on stone material lithology used in these structures in the city of Cracow. In addition, the profile of the stone building's deterioration processes has been done. There was an analysis of the 44 samples from 16 sites. On the basis of the macro- and microscopic observation, as well as results of the EDS analysis it was proved that considerable number of the applied stone have been seriously damaged by the influence of anthropogenic, mechanical and biological factors. Therefore appropriate conservation and revaluation works seem to be necessary in order that the stone parts of these structures could fulfil their functions as long as possible.
Access status: Restricted ,
Materiały kamienne w zabytkowych budowlach Cieszyna – ich pochodzenie i stan zachowania
(Data obrony: 2011-12-01) Mroziński, Przemysław
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Cieszyn’s historic buildings are differential with respect to their age, localization, general look and stone materials used in them. Based on macroscopic observations, examinations in optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) they made identification of stone materials used in the decoration historical buildings of Cieszyn. It has been established that used stone’s origin is mainly from local deposits, usually in a slight distance of place of investment. The author has determined the state of preservation of stone materials and proved that it’s differentiated both in individual monuments as and among individual stone fragments.
Access status: Restricted ,
Mineralogiczno-chemiczna charakterystyka fałszywej patyny z budowli zabytkowych
(Data obrony: 2011-10-11) Zdera, Julia
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
False patina is a common phenomenon in polluted urban atmosphere, which is characteristic for Cracow. The outer crusts of limestone and sandstone from architectonic elements of Wawel Hill were studied. The analysis include phase (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM, X-ray diffraction XRD) and chemical analysis (energy dispersive spectrometry EDS, atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS). Among identified phases, at the surface of the stone analyzed gypsum, Si-Al glass spheres, iron oxides spheres, fly ash, calcium, quartz, feldspar, phosphate phases and organic matter were observed. The majority of examined weathered outer crusts revealed higher than unweathered stone concentrations of some elements: Zn, Mn, Fe, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cu.
Access status: Restricted ,
Niszczenie elementów architektonicznych wykonanych z wapienia pińczowskiego eksponowanych w środowisku miejskim
(Data obrony: 2017-09-27) Węglarz, Bartłomiej
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Kamienie budowlane stale ulegają procesom degradacji fizycznej i chemicznej powodowanej czynnikami zewnętrznymi a intensywność tej degradacji jest związana z różną podatnością na wietrzenie składników budujących tę skałę oraz niekorzystnymi warunkami klimatycznymi, topograficznymi a także zanieczyszczeniami znajdującymi się w atmosferze. W pracy badano elementy wykonane z różnego rodzaju kamieni budowlanych pobrane ze ściany wschodniej kolegium św. Jacka w Klasztorze oo Dominikanów w Krakowie. Badania prowadzone były przy użyciu metod laboratoryjnych takich jak mikroskopia optyczna, mikroskopia skaningowa SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, spektroskopia mikroRamana oraz analiza termiczna. Zbadano różne odmiany wapieni pińczowskich (drobnoziarniste i gruboziarniste), cement romański oraz próbkę gipsową. Badania wykazały obecność wielu składników antropogenicznych z największym udziałem siarczanów wapnia (głównie gips), szkliwa glinokrzemianowego, tlenków żelaza, sadzy mających negatywny wpływ, zarówno na stan fizyczny jak i walory dekoracyjne skały. Obserwowano nawarstwienia zewnętrzne o zróżnicowanym składzie pokrywające powierzchnię skał co skutkowało w niszczeniu oraz zmianie zabarwienia fragmentów skalnych. Badania eksperymentalne, które zostały wykonane wykazały różny stan zachowania elementów wykonanych z różnych odmian wapienia pińczowskiego, cementu romańskiego oraz gipsu sztukatorskiego.
Access status: Restricted ,
Procesy deterioracji piaskowców karpackich i możliwość ich rewitalizacji na przykładzie kamiennych nagrobków ze Starego Cmentarza Podgórskiego w Krakowie
(Data obrony: 2009-12-18) Niewola, Michał
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
This thesis is a study on deterioration processes mechanisms, their causes and consequences, examined on the example of tombs located at Old Cemetery of Podgórze in Kraków. The aim of macroscopopic and microscopic observations was to identify the stone material, from which the graves where built. Uderstanding the mechanisms has its purpose in coming to a conclusion of renovation treatment on the antique tombs. Historical and cultural meaning of the Old Cemetery of Podgórze was significated by describing history of the Cemetery, charasteristics and listing of the objects build from above mentioned sandstone. Tha aim of this thesis was also to remind about issues of protection and conservation of the Kraków unique objects. Outlined mechanisms, destructive factors and also detailed identification of the stone material could be helpful in the future renovation works.
Access status: Open Access ,
Właściwości geomechaniczne opok
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2008) Pinińska, Joanna
The Lublin Region represents unusual example of co-existence of mining, building industry and rock workings,. The roots of today's industries in the Lublin Region reach as far back as Medieval times and even farther back - the Paleolithe. Cherts from chalky limestones in the river Vistula Valley, until the beginning of Iron Age, were basic supply for the various tools and weaponry. Prehistoric artisans, knowing the mechanical properties of chert bearing rocks and knowing how to mechanically processing hard cherts, become precursors of today's geomechanics. Availability of common carbonate rocks of the Upper Cretaceous and Neogene made significant impact on building industry. The defense heavy fortresses, sacral monumental buildings, and magnificent residential and common buildings are typically made of white, chalky and siliceous limestone blocks all over the Lublin Area. In the paper are outlined geological aspects and geomechanical assessment of the special, regional rock building material resources in the Lublin Region - the siliceous limestone, their geomechanical properties, which became the base of traditional building industry. Under special consideration is the vulnerability of siliceous rocks to physical deterioration with the passage of time. The description of typical forms of destruction of stony building elements is completing the paper.
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Zmiany wietrzeniowe wybranych kamieni budowlanych w środowisku miejskim
(Data obrony: 2013-09-23) Ziemianek, Andrzej
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The weathering process of building materials is a natural phenomenon but in areas of high air pollution often characteristic of large cities like Krakow is a significant intensification. In that research the inner and outer layer of architectural objects located in the Kazimierz district, made of limestone, dolomite and sandstone. The following methods were used: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM, X-ray diffraction XRD, Raman spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Studied rocks according to their petrography and exposure to weather conditions show different degree of deterioration. Sandstones are intense granular disintegration and limestone covered with black crusts. In the outer layers of stones the presence of phases of anthropogenic origin like: gypsum, halite, iron oxides spheres, Si-Al glass spheres and organic compounds were found. The higher concentration of heavy metals: Zn, Cu and Co in the surface layer were discovered also. These changes confirm the significant impact of air pollution on the rate of weathering in urban areas.