Browsing by Subject "salt mine"

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Access status: Open Access ,
Assessment of the geological environment in respect of waste disposal in salt mine workings
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2013) Poborska-Młynarska, Katarzyna
The concept of waste storage in underground salt mines is to use the host rock environment as a geological barrier, preventing the migration of hazardous substances. European and Polish law defines the geological conditions and the safety of underground storage. According to national regulations, the underground storage site location is based on the results of geological research contained in the hydrogeological and geological-engineering documentation. This paper presents the principles for the assessment of the geological environment in a salt mine for the waste storage, in the context of national legislation. It has been shown that for the salt deposits a more detailed range of geological research has to be defined to prepare relevant documentation and to assess the possibility of waste storage in salt mines.
Access status: Restricted ,
Georóżnorodność Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”
(Data obrony: 2016-10-06) Kucharz, Anna
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Niniejsza praca magisterska jest próbą ukazania georóżnorodności wielickiego złoża, które w wyniku działania rozmaitych procesów ukształtowało się w nietypowy sposób w postaci dwudzielnego złoża z wyraźnym podziałem na złoże pokładowe i bryłowe. Ponadto we wschodniej partii złoża utworzyła Kopuła Grot Kryształowych z kryształami o niezwykłej przejrzystości. Każda partia złoża charakteryzuje się specyficznymi utworami będącymi wynikiem działania procesów geologicznych, glacjalnych i hydrogeologicznych. Zwrócono również uwagę na kwestie ruchu turystycznego, lecznictwa, zagrożeń dla kopalni i sposoby przeciwdziałania im.
Access status: Open Access ,
Historic salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Wiewiórka, Janusz; Charkot, Józef; Dudek, Krzysztof; Gonera, Małgorzata
Historic salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia are situated by the old trade road from Kraków to the east, in the region well known from salt-making from brines since the Neolith (ca. 3500 BC). In Bochnia the rock salt was discovered in 1248, whereas in Wieliczka production of the rock salt was confirmed in the town charter in 1290. At the end of the 13th century both mines were united into the Kraków Saltworks. In the 16th century it was the biggest production centre in Poland and one of the biggest in Europe. The rock-salt exploitation ended in Bochnia in 1990 and in Wieliczka in 1996. Both deposits are situated within the Miocene (Badenian – M4) folded strata of the salt-bearing complex, consisting of the Skawina Formation (at the bottom), the Wieliczka Formation (containing the evaporites), and the Chodenice beds (at the top). The Wieliczka deposit consists of the upper boulder deposit and the lower stratiform one. The boulder deposit was formed as a result of submarine flows in southern part of the evaporite basin. Both the boulder and the stratiform deposits were finally shaped by the overthrust movements of the Outer Carpathians. The Bochnia deposit is limited to the northern limb of the Bochnia anticline, at the northern edge of the Outer Carpathians. The Wieliczka Salt Mine is written into the first UNESCO List of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1978) and recognised as a National Monument of History (1994). Since 2000 the Bochnia Salt Mine is the National Monument of History as well. In 1997 the Małopolska voivode issued a decree comprising legal protection of 40 documentated sites, important for geology of the Wieliczka deposit, and in 2000 the Natural Reserve »Crystal Caves« in Wieliczka was established. In 2005, twenty seven documentated sites were established and provided with legal protection in the Bochnia Salt Mine.
Access status: Open Access ,
Hydrogeochemistry of brines on the example of selected water phenomena in the Kłodawa Salt Mine (central Poland)
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2025) Trałka-Błachowicz, Marta; Modelska, Magdalena; Buczyński, Sebastian
Chemical and isotopic studies of brines in salt mines are a key element in identifying their origins. This, in turn, is applied in determining the degree of water hazard. Studies of the chemical and isotopic composition of eight brine samples in two measurement series were carried out at the Kłodawa Inc. Salt Mine in 2022 for pH, electrolytical conductivity of water (EC), mineral alkalinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, $HCO_3^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ba^{2+}$, $Li^+$, Sr^{2+}$, $NH_4^+$, ^Cl^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $NO_2^-$, $Br^-$, $F^-$, $I^-$, $CO_3^{2-}$ ions as well as $\delta^{18}O$ and $\delta^2H$ in $H_2O$. Analysed water phenomena were selected based on archival data which indicated their various chemical compositions. Using analyses based on hydrochemical indices and isotopic composition, it was found that the studied brines represented the isotopic composition of O and H in $H_2O$ typical of Zechstein brines, Paleo-infiltration waters, pre-Pleistocene infiltration waters and waters of mixed origin. Their salinity was mainly primary (inherent) in nature. The dominant processes affecting chemical transformations were ion exchange, precipitation and dissolution of sulphate minerals and halite, redox processes and, to a lesser extent, mixing of waters. The possible influence of inclusions on water chemistry was also found. Additionally, the analysis showed limitations in the applicability of selected hydrochemical indices.
Access status: Open Access ,
Problemy hydrogeologiczne i geotechniczne związane z zawodnieniem zabytkowych szybów Kopalni Soli Wieliczka na przykładzie szybu Górsko
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2012) d'Obyrn, Kajetan; Przybyło, Jerzy
Szyb Górsko został zgłębiony do głębokości poziomu I w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku i ukończono go prawdopodobnie w 1622 roku. W XIX wieku szyb pogłębiano, a w 1954 roku został zasypany do głębokości około 6 m p.p.t. Na podszybiach szybu oraz w pobliskiej komorze Fryderyk August rejestrowano wycieki solanek oraz okresowo wynoszony materiał skalny w postaci iłów pylastych. Teren wokół szybu systematycznie osiada, a rejestrowane średnie obniżenia terenu wynoszą ok. 13 mm/rok. W grudniu 2002 roku tempo osiadań wzrosło, powodując spękania budynku nadszybia. W lutym 2011 r. został opracowany projekt techniczny doszczelnienia szybu. Zaprojektowano 83 otwory doszczelniające otaczające szyb, o głębokości 18 m oraz trzy otwory kontrolne w tarczy szybu. Prace cementacyjne zaplanowano w czterech strefach głębokościowych przy użyciu zaczynów cementowych, a realizację projektu rozpoczęto w grudniu 2011 r.
Access status: Open Access ,
Protecting Wieliczka Salt Mine against water hazard on the example of the mina traverse
(2017) Gonet, Andrzej; Stryczek, Stanisław
Water surrounding every salt mine creates catastrophic hazard for that place. One of such cases is uncontrollable flooding of the Wapno Salt Mine, near Innowrocław (see article Kortas G. and Maj A., Przegląd Solny, 10, 2014). The causes of catastrophic water fluxes to the Mina traverse located in level IV at a depth of 170 m b.s. in the historical Wieliczka Salt Mine is presented in this paper. The complex geological build of the immediate neighborhood of the Mina traverse was described, paying attention to the evidently disadvantageous hydrogeological conditions in the northern part of the salt dome. The most important actions aimed at limiting the water hazard in Wieliczka Salt Mine concentrated on managing and so liquidat-ing the disastrous flux of water and solids to the Mina traverse, which started in 1992. A unique solution was proposed to solve this problem, i.e. an internal safety pillar was construed with the use of dedicated unique technologies.
Access status: Open Access ,
The geotouristic potential of the scenic underground routes in the »Wieliczka« and »Bochnia« Salt Mines (Carpathian Foredeep)
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2021) Dzięgiel, Maciej
In this article, five scenic underground routes of historical salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia towns were the subject of comparative research, considered as very essential examples of geotouristic potential. In the »Wieliczka« Salt Mine, there are Touristic and Miners' Routes, and in the »Bochnia« mine, there is a Multimedia Touristic route, as well as two Miners': Natural and Historical ones. The routes lead through the parts of old mines. These salt deposits are a part of the Miocene evaporitic formations, as a fragment of the Carpathian Foredeep. A comparative geotouristic potential evaluation of all these routes was made to meet tourists', educators' and investors' expectations and needs to raise their geotouristic development level. The statistical data of the annual number of visitors for the last few years at the described routes were also discussed. In general, interest in these routes has been growing, as the popularity of the industrial heritage in the »Wieliczka« and »Bochnia« Salt Mines has been regularly developing. They have become very widely known in Poland and around the world.
Access status: Open Access ,
The modernization of the main fan station of the «Wilson» shaft in KS «Wieliczka» S.A.
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2021) Pasek, Rafał; Rozwadowski, Krzysztof; Zuski, Zygmunt
This article discusses the modernization of the «Wilson» shaft's main fan station in KS «Wieliczka» S.A., which included: the station building, main fans, the 110 kW electric motors to drive the fans, 3/0.4 kV transformers, 3 kV «Wilson» switchgear, 0.4 kV main switchgear and the communication systems used to control the station.
Access status: Open Access ,
The Starunia palaeontological site and idea of the Ukrainian-Polish trans-border geotourist trail »Traces of large extinct mammals, earth wax, oil and salt: from Starunia to Kraków«
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Kotarba, Maciej
The discovery of large Pleistocene mammals at the Starunia ozokerite (named also earth wax) mine (the Ukrainian Carpathians) was a spectacular scientific event on a world scale. The initial discovery was made in 1907 when relics of party preserved mammoth and woolly rhinoceros were excavated. Later, in 1929, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences organized a scientific expedition to that site, which resulted in discovery of unique, nearly completely preserved woolly rhinoceros carcass embedded in Pleistocene sediments. A specific combination of brine, oil and clays into which the animal had sunk, is responsible for almost perfect preservation of this animal. The specimens found in 1907 are exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Lviv, Ukraine, whereas the unique specimen excavated in 1929 is displayed at the Natural History Museum in Kraków, Poland. The three sites: Starunia, a small Ukrainian village in which the geopark with the museum and the tourist centre are planned to be developed and two historical towns: Lviv and Kraków, closely connected with the discoveries of extinct large mammals, will be the key sites at the planned, Ukrainian-Polish trans-border geotourist trail »Traces of large extinct mammals, earth wax, oil and salt: from Starunia to Kraków«. The trail will also include the sites where occurrences of ozokerite, salt, brine and oil are known, i.e., the substances which preserved the animal carcasses. These are: the historical rock-salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Poland), Kalush and Stebnik (Ukraine), the Polish resorts - Iwonicz-Zdrój and Rymanów-Zdrój and the most famous Ukrainian resort - Truskavets, one of the oldest oilfields in the world - Bóbrka, where the Ignacy Łukasiewicz Memorial Open-Space Museum of Oil and Gas Industry is located and Boryslav oil and ozokerite field – the largest deposit in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The idea of Ukrainian-Polish trans-border tourist trail is strongly supported by geological, natural and cultural values of the Polish and the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Access status: Restricted ,
Uwarunkowania geośrodowiskowe gospodarki przestrzennej gminy Wieliczka
(Data obrony: 2014-06-12) Stachowicz, Paulina
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
W pracy przedstawione zostały uwarunkowania geośrodowiskowe wpływające na gospodarkę przestrzenną gminy Wieliczka. Opisane zostały naturalne i antropogeniczne zagrożenia środowiska, do których należą powodzie, ruchy masowe, szkody górnicze oraz zanieczyszczenia atmosfery, wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Analizą objęto zasoby kopalin, w tym głównie sól kamienną, gaz ziemny, kruszywo naturalne. Analizowano też negatywne oddziaływanie działalności Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka” i „Barycz”, które powodują deformowanie terenu, powstawanie niecek zapadliskowych, zasolenie wód podziemnych oraz wpływ rolnictwa i infrastruktury technicznej na wody powierzchniowe, podziemne i powietrze. Przedstawione zostało również środowisko przyrodnicze, w tym: rezerwat przyrody, użytki ekologiczne, stanowiska dokumentacyjne i pomniki przyrody. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wyznaczone zostały obszary, na których zabudowa jest utrudniona lub niemożliwa. Utrudnienia są spowodowane występowaniem złóż kruszyw naturalnych, terenów pogórniczych, obszarów podatnych na osuwanie mas ziemnych i zagrożonych powodziami oraz o cennych walorach przyrodniczych. Wyznaczone zostały kierunki i sposoby zagospodarowania gminy oraz sposoby ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego.