Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
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ISSN 1898-1135
e-ISSN: 2300-7095
Issue Date
2026
Volume
Vol. 20
Number
No. 3
Description
Journal Volume
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Vol. 20 (2026)
Projects
Pages
Articles
Variations in the application of the benefit principle in the process of determining compensation for the expropriation of real estate
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Trembecka, Anna
The objective of this article is to determine the extent to which the inclusion of the benefit principle affects the amount of compensation in expropriation procedures for road investments. An additional area of research is the identification of discrepancies in the practical application of this principle in the context of administrative court case law. The analysis examines the practical consequences of adopting different interpretations for specific properties subject to expropriation. It demonstrates how the chosen interpretation of the benefit principle affects the calculated compensation. The findings indicate the need to revise the regulations regarding the methodology for estimating real estate value, which forms the basis for determining compensation for expropriation.
Optimizing built-up area extraction in semi-arid regions using Sentinel-2A imagery: a comparative analysis of spectral indices and PCA-based classification in Batna, Algeria
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Wahiba, Touati; Kalla, Mahdi; Kacha, Lemya
Accurate detection of built-up areas in semi-arid regions is vital for urban planning and environmental monitoring. However, built-up surfaces and bare soils often produce very similar spectral responses. As a result, this similarity causes confusion in satellite image classification. Additionally, spectral overlap among urban materials, bare soil, and sparse vegetation further complicates detection. This study evaluates several spectral indices, including DBSI, NDTI, NDVI, BRBA, and BSI, combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance built-up area extraction from Sentinel-2A imagery. Images captured during the driest season were selected to maximize spectral contrast. Three classification schemes based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) were tested. The first scheme used DBSI, NDTI, and NDVI. The second used BRBA, NDTI, and NDVI. The third relied on PCA-derived components. The results indicate that the PCA-based approach achieved the highest classification accuracy at 95%. In comparison, the DBSI/NDTI/NDVI combination reached 93%, while the BRBA/NDTI/NDVI scheme achieved 92%. Therefore, PCA helps reduce spectral confusion and enhances the identification of built-up areas in semi-arid environments. Overall, combining multiple spectral indices with dimensionality reduction offers a reliable method for urban analysis using Sentinel-2 imagery.
Adaptive strategies in urban elevation change for flood risk management: the case of Mamminasata Metropolitan Regions, Indonesia
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Amri, Erwin; Iriansa
This research aims to analyze elevation change as an adaptation strategy for flooding, identify the dynamics and patterns of adaptation and collaboration between actors, and evaluate the impact of elevation change on the urban environment of Mamminasata, Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods with interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Data collection involved observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results show that elevation changes in buildings, land, and road infrastructure trigger an increase in elevation adaptation strategies by actors while expanding the flood-affected areas as a consequence of such measures. The nature of actors’ strategies varies; communities tend to be spontaneous, independent, and informal, while developers and the government employ business strategies and policy support tactics. Consequently, these strategies are fragmented among actors because of the lack of uniformity in elevation regulations. This reflects a pattern of longterm urban adaptation, even in the absence of formal coordination or regulation. Elevation changes negatively impact ecosystems, land stability, and social and physical connectivity. This study recommends the application of elevation changes in planning regulations for zoning and land-use management, as well as collaborative governance, to support adaptation strategies of actors and promote sustainable urban resilience.
Benefits and limitations of InSAR-based monitoring of ground movements above cavern underground gas storage sites: a Polish case study
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Blachowski, Jan; Głąbicki, Dariusz; Grzempowski, Piotr; Kaczmarek, Aleksandra; Buczyńska, Anna; Owczarz, Karolina; Benndorf, Jörg
Ground displacement monitoring is a key aspect of assessing the impacts of underground gas storage (UGS). Conventional approaches are based on geodetic methods that, while providing high accuracy, are limited in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. This study assesses the suitability of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) as a complement to standard ground displacement monitoring and identifies a method with sufficient accuracy to assess ground displacement conditions and facility safety. A comparative analysis was conducted using European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) data and independently derived Sentinel-1-based time series generated with the small baseline subset (SBAS) and persistent scatterer InSAR (PSI) methods. The analysis of a cavern UGS facility located in northern Poland spanned a five-year period from 2019 to 2023 and included error analysis and significance testing of differences between the methods. Observed displacement rates across the study area ranged from −4.3 mm/year for the SBAS method to −0.4 mm/year for PSI. Although the absolute values of the estimated velocities differed among the methods, the differences between the modeled deformation rates were statistically insignificant. The results confirm that InSAR can supplement geodetic monitoring and help investigate seasonal ground deformations associated with gas injection and withdrawal cycles as well as environmental processes, capturing patterns that discrete geodetic measurements may miss.
Drought assessment and forecasting according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification using GRACE and MERRA observations
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Birylo, Monika
Prolonged and recurrent droughts are a problem of the 21st century. Agriculture, grazing, fires, logging, and mining make soil susceptible to permanent degradation. However, well-managed land can recover from long drought cycles. Because drought is increasingly affecting larger areas, continuous monitoring and risk assessment are essential. Satellite-based models provide global observations of the Earth and enable their assessment using indices, thereby supporting the classification of the examined areas. In this study, the Combined Climatological Deviation Index (CCDI) and the Water Storage Deficit Index (WSDI) were calculated to evaluate drought sensitivity in Europe, within its climatic zones according to the Köppen–Geiger classification. Based on the research, it was concluded that almost all areas show a tendency towards drying, and the predictions indicate that the current drought conditions and their pace will continue. The CCDI and WSDI are very useful in studies of drought in Europe.