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GEOMATICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

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Geomatics and Environmental Engineering is an interdisciplinary, international, peer-reviewed and open access journal. It provides an advanced forum for research related to the measurement and visualisation of human surrounding spatial phenomena and spatial objects, including geodesy and cartography in its broadest sense, as well as development and environmental protection problems using engineering and technical methods. It is published since 2007 year by the AGH University Press (Kraków, Poland). From 2007 to 2022 the journal was published quarterly. Currently, six issues are published annually.

New!   Aktualny numer: 2026 - Vol. 20 - No. 4

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 759
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Topographic differencing for determining reservoir sedimentation using archival cartographic materials and modern measurement methods
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Baziak, Beata; Bodziony, Marek; Toś, Cezary; Szafarczyk, Anna
    The aim of the study was to assess the sedimentation of the Klimkówka reservoir using topographic differencing (TD) analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs) created for two periods: before the reservoir was filled and after 30 years of operation. The archival model was developed from a scanned and calibrated analogue large-scale (1:5,000) topographic map with contour lines and elevation points. The current model was obtained by integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and bathymetric measurements with a GNSS-positioned dual-frequency echo sounder. The accuracy of both models was analysed in detail, taking into account cartographic errors, map shrinkage, the scanning and calibration process, and the heterogeneous accuracy of the archival elevation data. Based on the DEM difference, the estimated sedimentation volume was considered unreliable. A detailed analysis of selected cross-sections revealed local accumulation processes in the backwater zone and slope erosion, but did not permit a reliable assessment of the siltation of the entire reservoir. The authors conclude that the reliable application of the TD method requires comparing two models produced with similarly high accuracy (e.g. UAV + bathymetry), while analogue cartographic materials from the 1970s do not meet current accuracy requirements for this type of analysis.
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    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Point cloud technologies for smart cities: acquisition, processing, and applications
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Hauzner, Jagoda
    Recent progress in LiDAR, UAV, and photogrammetric systems has made spatial data collection faster and more accessible. These tools enable the acquisition of detailed point clouds that form the foundation for many smart city applications. Efficient processing of these datasets is now a practical necessity, especially for everyday tasks such as monitoring roads and bridges, managing traffic, or building 3D city models used in digital twins. This paper reviews both classical and deep learning-based processing methods, data acquisition techniques, and multi-sensor integration strategies. Furthermore, the paper highlights applications beyond infrastructure, such as environmental monitoring of green areas and the analysis of pedestrian and bicycle networks. Despite the significant progress achieved in recent years, several open challenges remain. Among the most important are the need for standardized data formats, improved computational efficiency, and robust fusion of heterogeneous sensor data. Overcoming these difficulties is key to ensuring that digital twins and AI-based analysis become useful tools in practical urban management. Ultimately, continued progress in this field can make a meaningful contribution to the development of smarter and more sustainable cities.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    A comparative analysis of legal frameworks for circularity in the built environment: a large language model-assisted study of nine jurisdictions supporting the sustainable development goals
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Kaczmarek, Iwona; Aslanoglu, Rengin; Całka, Paweł Ł.; Yiatros, Stylianos; Konstantinou, Eirini; Vryonidi, Sara Mariza; Charalambous, Anthi; Andreou, Elena; Shippi, Athina Georgiou; Bajare, Diana; Tambovceva, Tatjana; Özdoğru, Emine; Kahvecioğlu, Berkan; Keskin, Fatma Seyma; Özçelikci, Emircan; Kaya, Yunus Emre; Şahmaran, Mustafa; Torop, Janno; Kilcan, Cansu Özcan; Tkaczyk, Alan Henry; Turk, Janez; Pranjić, Alenka Mauko; Kodrič, Anja; Buzatu, Raluca; Ungureanu, Viorel; Tsikaloudaki, Katerina; Giarma, Christina; Hefele, Martina; Kazak, Jan K.
    The high consumption of raw materials and the generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) represent significant sustainability challenges. The circular economy (CE) offers a promising pathway but requires effective legislation. Although considerable attention has been devoted to the technical and economic aspects of CE, comparative analyses of national regulatory frameworks remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the regulatory environments of nine countries: Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Türkiye. With a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) architecture based on a large language model (LLM), national and regional legal texts were analysed and fact-checked by experts. The results reveal substantial differences in regulatory maturity, enforcement mechanisms, and data platforms, resulting in the identification of three country clusters. The findings indicate that effective CDW management depends on legislative harmonisation, institutional capacity, data openness, and economic incentives. In addition, the study suggests that LLMs can serve as powerful instruments for comparative legal analysis in multilingual sustainability research.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Quantitative assessment of drought severity in mining-influenced regions: a case study of lignite and copper extraction areas
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Rzepecka, Zofia; Birylo, Monika
    Droughts occurring in open-pit mining areas are becoming increasingly significant, primarily due to decreased water availability. This poses a danger because it threatens the stable development of society and agricultural production and contributes to increased dust emissions that may interfere with mining operations. Climate change further intensifies these threats. Therefore, research into water availability, continuous monitoring, and environmental health indicators is vital, as the water cycle greatly impacts these factors. The paper aims to investigate drought severity in two large open-pit lignite mines in Turów and Bełchatów, and Legnica–Głogów Copper District (LGOM). The Combined Climatological Drought Index (CCDI) was used, alongside the water budget (WB), to characterise drought at the study sites. High consistency between the indices was observed throughout most of the studied period until 2018. Notably, significant reductions in water availability were recorded from 2018 onwards in the areas of the three studied mines.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    A novel housing price estimation model integrating GIS and DNN: a case study of Istanbul
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Çoruhlu, Yakup Emre; Dihkan, Mustafa; Yildiz, Okan; Çelik, Mehmet Özgür; Azadi, Hossein
    Housing valuation is a concrete reflection of socio-economic inequalities in urban space. Particularly in densely populated, spatially fragmented large cities like Istanbul, the current official mass appraisal system used for property taxation fails to reflect market reality. This situation results in revenue losses in property taxes and spatial injustices. This study develops a Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based model that integrates spatially derived variables from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and incorporates 24 objective variables related to location, structure, and access in Istanbul. The model, trained on 3,757 samples created using open-source big data, estimated housing values with high accuracy ($R^2$ = 0.979). The findings show that spatial differences in housing values are strongly related to urban variables such as accessibility and proximity to infrastructure. This approach not only produces housing value estimates but also provides a theoretical and methodological framework for spatial analyses of how value is produced in urban space. The study has the potential to support the development of a fair, transparent, and updatable mass appraisal system, especially for developing cities.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Journal Issue,
    Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
    2026 - Vol. 20 - No. 4
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Twenty years of soil organic carbon research in Ecuador: a bibliometric and GIS-based assessment of trends and research gaps
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Reyna-Bowen, Lizardo; Klamerus-Iwan, Anna; Delgado-Moreira, María Isabel
    The study assesses the evolution of soil organic carbon (SOC) research in Ecuador between 2003 and 2023 using a bibliometric approach. The search was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO databases, following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. This protocol enabled the systematic identification and evaluation of the literature, resulting in a final selection of 60 peer-reviewed documents focused on SOC in Ecuador. These documents were analysed using RStudio (Bibliometrix), VOSviewer, and QGIS to map research output, collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. The main findings highlight that research on SOC in Ecuador has increased since 2003, largely due to international collaboration, primarily with institutions in Germany, Spain, and the United States. Early studies primarily focused on land-use change (deforestation and agriculture), whereas recent research emphasises remote-sensing applications, carbon stabilisation mechanisms, and nature-based solutions. Most research focuses on high-altitude provinces and protected areas, such as Loja and Chimborazo. The results also indicate that in volcanic ash soils (Andosols), altitude and land-use intensity are the main drivers of variation in SOC stocks. Key gaps include a lack of studies in the Amazon basin and coastal lowlands, as well as the absence of long-term SOC monitoring, both of which limit the development of national SOC inventories. While research output has increased steadily over time, addressing the identified gaps is necessary to establish a comprehensive scientific basis for climate change adaptation and sustainable soil management across the country’s diverse ecosystems.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Adaptive strategies in urban elevation change for flood risk management: the case of Mamminasata Metropolitan Regions, Indonesia
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Amri, Erwin; Iriansa
    This research aims to analyze elevation change as an adaptation strategy for flooding, identify the dynamics and patterns of adaptation and collaboration between actors, and evaluate the impact of elevation change on the urban environment of Mamminasata, Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods with interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Data collection involved observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results show that elevation changes in buildings, land, and road infrastructure trigger an increase in elevation adaptation strategies by actors while expanding the flood-affected areas as a consequence of such measures. The nature of actors’ strategies varies; communities tend to be spontaneous, independent, and informal, while developers and the government employ business strategies and policy support tactics. Consequently, these strategies are fragmented among actors because of the lack of uniformity in elevation regulations. This reflects a pattern of longterm urban adaptation, even in the absence of formal coordination or regulation. Elevation changes negatively impact ecosystems, land stability, and social and physical connectivity. This study recommends the application of elevation changes in planning regulations for zoning and land-use management, as well as collaborative governance, to support adaptation strategies of actors and promote sustainable urban resilience.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Drought assessment and forecasting according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification using GRACE and MERRA observations
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Birylo, Monika
    Prolonged and recurrent droughts are a problem of the 21st century. Agriculture, grazing, fires, logging, and mining make soil susceptible to permanent degradation. However, well-managed land can recover from long drought cycles. Because drought is increasingly affecting larger areas, continuous monitoring and risk assessment are essential. Satellite-based models provide global observations of the Earth and enable their assessment using indices, thereby supporting the classification of the examined areas. In this study, the Combined Climatological Deviation Index (CCDI) and the Water Storage Deficit Index (WSDI) were calculated to evaluate drought sensitivity in Europe, within its climatic zones according to the Köppen–Geiger classification. Based on the research, it was concluded that almost all areas show a tendency towards drying, and the predictions indicate that the current drought conditions and their pace will continue. The CCDI and WSDI are very useful in studies of drought in Europe.
  • thumbnail.journal.alt
    Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access ,
    Benefits and limitations of InSAR-based monitoring of ground movements above cavern underground gas storage sites: a Polish case study
    (Wydawnictwa AGH, 2026) Blachowski, Jan; Głąbicki, Dariusz; Grzempowski, Piotr; Kaczmarek, Aleksandra; Buczyńska, Anna; Owczarz, Karolina; Benndorf, Jörg
    Ground displacement monitoring is a key aspect of assessing the impacts of underground gas storage (UGS). Conventional approaches are based on geodetic methods that, while providing high accuracy, are limited in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. This study assesses the suitability of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) as a complement to standard ground displacement monitoring and identifies a method with sufficient accuracy to assess ground displacement conditions and facility safety. A comparative analysis was conducted using European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) data and independently derived Sentinel-1-based time series generated with the small baseline subset (SBAS) and persistent scatterer InSAR (PSI) methods. The analysis of a cavern UGS facility located in northern Poland spanned a five-year period from 2019 to 2023 and included error analysis and significance testing of differences between the methods. Observed displacement rates across the study area ranged from −4.3 mm/year for the SBAS method to −0.4 mm/year for PSI. Although the absolute values of the estimated velocities differed among the methods, the differences between the modeled deformation rates were statistically insignificant. The results confirm that InSAR can supplement geodetic monitoring and help investigate seasonal ground deformations associated with gas injection and withdrawal cycles as well as environmental processes, capturing patterns that discrete geodetic measurements may miss.