Geologia
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ISSN 0138-0974
e-ISSN: 2353-0782
Issue Date
2009
Volume
T. 35
Number
Nr 1
Description
Journal Volume
Geologia
T. 35 (2009)
Projects
Pages
Articles
Prawna ochrona powierzchni ziemi i odpowiedzialność za szkody wyrządzone w powierzchni ziemi
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Górski, Marek
Legal regulations, with regard to the surface of the earth, have been completed and modified, in essential way, in Polish inland legislation, as a result of coming into force of a new system of regulations, concerning the protection of the environment. It took place mainly in 2001. Successive fundamental changes appeared in 2007 in connection with new regulations, related to the responsibility for prevention from damages and for reclamation of the environment. Changes will probably be continued in two years provided, the advanced already proposition of soil protection directive, will be accepted. For that reason, in the first part of the present paper, a legal situation valid on the end of September of 2007, while in the second one, the most important directions of appeared changes, have been analysed. However, the remarks related to the introduced changes, have also been taken into account in the first part, as far as the regulations concerning responsibility for environmental damages, have been cancelled by the new ones.
Funkcje i znaczenie utwardzania nawierzchni w terenach zabudowanych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Duda, Jerzy
Paving of roads, streets and squares, called often transport surfaces, is a continuous process lasting, at least, for 9 thousands of years. Its beginning is being searched by archaeologists within oldest settlements and »towns«, particularly on areas recognized as the cradle of civilization. In the history of towns, the essential role play the history of stones used to pave their surfaces (cobbles, paving blocks, cubes or slabs), the history of trees and wooden elements (padding of the pavings with wood, pavements padded with boards), the history of usage to paving of both, natural and synthetic asfalt, as well as the development of bitumen paving technology. The streets and squares constitute »a genetic code« of the town. After damages and disasters, they give a testimony of the existence and the ley out of the town. Exploration, exposing the successive sequece layers become a living history.
Tradycyjne bruki w krajobrazie Krakowa
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Rajchel, Jacek
The author presents the historic rock materials and made of them stone pavements of streets and squares characteristic of Krakow. The blocks and slabs make one of widespread man--made layers, commonly exposed in the course of archaeological excavations carried out within the town limits. They represent a record of the cultural and the material history of Kraków and visualize changes of winning and utilizing the rocks that cover town's streets and squares. The rock materials applied in their constructing were initially quarried in the nearest vicinity of Kraków, i.e. in the Silesian-Cracow Monocline, and included Upper Jurassic limestone, Permian porphyry and Triassic Diplopora dolomite. Gradually, farther-situated stones were introduced: Carpathian flysch sandstones and andesite from the Pieniny Mts. The most distant are a Volhynian basalt and Lower Silesian granites as well as a gneiss of undetermined provenience. Preserving remnants of the old stone pavements of Kraków, a heritage of the town history, is highly advisable, considering the fact that their further existence is permanently threatened in a result of maintenance, reconstruction and modernization works.
Charakterystyka warunków geologiczno-inżynierskich podłoża Krakowa z uwzględnieniem nawarstwień historycznych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Rybicki, Stanisław; Krokoszyński, Piotr; Herzig, Janusz
In the article short characteristics of geological conditions and some physico-mechanical properties of soils are presented. Characteristic include information's about variability and average values of geotechnical parameters significant for civil engineering, with a special consideration to the Tertiary clays. Geological and engineering-geological conditions of Kraków area are relatively complicated. This subsoil in the deep range of underground constructions are generally built of three soils series. These are limestones and marls of Jurassic-Cretaceous formations, Miocene clays and Quaternary sandy-clay soils. Morphology of top surface of Jurassic-Cretaceous formation is very complicated. It create elevated structures like fault blocks and cave forms, filled by Miocene clays. On the area of old historical part of Kraków very important role in engineering geological conditions play anthropogenic soils, reach thickness up to 6-8 m.
Topograficzne tło osadnictwa w Krakowie
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2009) Sokołowski, Tadeusz
The oldest settlements in Kraków came into existence on only higher situated morphological elements - on the Wawel hill and on the middle, sandy terrace, the fragment of which within the today's centre of Kraków is called the Prądnik River fan. Its built up of gravely, sandy and gravely sand deposits with intercalations of loam and peat of total thickness of almost 30 metres. A few morphological levels are cut into the Prądnik fan, and the highest of them was formed in Eemian Interglacial and Early Vistulian. On higher raised fragments of the two-step floodplain, old town Kazimierz's buildings were located. The lower step is transformed by the human activity and at present invisible. Reconstructions of the ancient hydrographical network arise controversy. Flow of the Vistula River in the vicinity of the Shoemaker Gate and the Jewish Gate in historical period can be certainly questioned. The Rudawa River flowed in these places.