Sieradzka, Małgorzata
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inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka
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Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Benefits from co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel for biofuels production: experimental investigations(2024) Magdziarz, Aneta; Jerzak, Wojciech; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Sieradzka, Małgorzata
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe application of renewable fuels and waste for energy production is crucial environmentally and economically. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising pathway for valuable products that combine various benefits including enhanced energy recovery, waste valorisation, improved product quality, and environmental sustainability. Consideration of specific feedstocks and optimization of process parameters are necessary to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the co-pyrolysis process. This work presents investigations of the co-pyrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (rye straw and agriculture grass) and RDF. These biomasses ensure efficient decomposition. The RDF, high in carbon (78.5 %) and hydrogen (11.8 %), was predominantly plastic based. Based on Py-GC-MS studies at 600°C, it was observed that the addition of RDF to biomass caused a significant decrease in the share of organic oxygen compounds among the released decomposition products. Laboratory tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor for raw biomass and RDF and 1:1 and 3:1 biomass to RDF mass ratio. The results demonstrated that the yield of char production decreased with the addition of RDF, which promoted the bio-oil yield. Despite, RDF pyrolysis meets problems, it was proved that co-pyrolysis of biomass and RDF is a good solution for their utilization.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Biomass thermochemical conversion via pyrolysis with integrated CO2 capture(2020) Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Gao, Ningbo; Quan, Cui; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe presented work is focused on biomass thermochemical conversion with integrated $CO_{2}$ capture. The main aim of this study was the in-depth investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) and $CaO$ sorbent addition on the chemical and physical properties of obtained char and syngas. Under the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, the properties of biomass chars were gradually changed, and this was confirmed by examination using thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry methods. The chars were characterised by a noticeable carbon content (two times at 700 °C) resulting in a lower O/C ratio. The calculated combustion indexes indicated the better combustible properties of chars. In addition, structural morphology changes were observed. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in changes of solid products; the differences of char properties were not significant in the range of 500 to 700 °C. Syngas was analysed using a gas chromatograph. The following main components were identified: $CO$, $CO_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $H_{2}$ and $C_{2}H_{4}$, $C_{2}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{8}$. A significant impact of $CaO$ on $CO_{2}$ adsorption was found. The concentration of $CO_{2}$ in syngas decreased with increased temperature, and the highest decrease occurred in the presence of $CaO$ from above 60% to below 30% at 600 °C.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Sustainable valorisation of waste-derived plastic rich materials into porous carbon materials for adsorption cooling applications(2025) Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Kalawa, Wojciech; Wu, Chunfei; Sowa, Marcin; Bujok, Tomasz; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej; Wydział Energetyki i PaliwThe thermochemical valorisation of waste materials rich in plastics offers a sustainable approach for waste reduction and the generation of high-value products, aligning with the European Green Deal and circular economy principles. This study investigates the conversion of three solid waste streams: refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from municipal (RDF_MW) and industrial (RDF_IW) sources and tyre-derived fuel (TDF) into activated carbons for application in adsorption cooling systems. A two-step activation process, combining pyrolysis at 600 °C with subsequent steam (850 °C) or chemical (KOH at 800 °C) activation, was employed to enhance porosity and surface area. RDF_IW-derived carbon activated with KOH achieved a maximum BET surface area of 955 m$^{2}$/g, while methanol adsorption tests showed an uptake exceeding 40 %. Heavy metal analysis revealed significant Zn contamination in TDF (up to 37,415 mg/kg), while Cr, Pb, and Sn were prominent in RDF samples; chemical activation reduced Zn content by up to 70 %. Performance testing in methanol-based adsorption chillers showed that RDF_IW_H2O and RDF_IW_KOH samples achieved specific cooling powers (SCP) of 53.5 W/kg and 88.9 W/kg, and coefficients of performance (COP) of 0.631 and 0.673, respectively, comparable to commercial activated carbons (CWH-22: SCP = 95.5 W/kg, COP = 0.615). These findings demonstrate the dual benefit of valorising heterogeneous waste into functional sorbents while enabling energy-efficient, low-grade thermal cooling systems.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Pyrolysis of agricultural waste biomass towards production of gas fuel and high-quality char. Experimental and numerical investigations(2021) Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Evangelopoulos, Panagiotis; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Zajemska, Monika; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejBiomass wastes are sustainable, renewable, and promising energy sources. In this study, the pyrolysis of agricultural biomass was investigated to determine the most promising process parameters for pyrolytic gas production. The pyrolysis investigations were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere at 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C on the microscale using simultaneous thermal analysis and a laboratory-scale semi-batch vertical reactor. The solid, liquid, and gaseous products were characterised in detail, including the elemental and chemical composition. The gas and liquid products analyses were provided. It was found that the quality of the pyrolytic gas increased with temperature, both in terms of the pyrolytic gas yield and concentration of gaseous components (hydrogen and methane), whereas the carbon dioxide concentration decreased with temperature. The condensed vapours were rich in phenolic and aromatic compounds, and it was noted that the acetic acid concentration increased with temperature. The chemical functional groups in the char were determined using infrared spectroscopy. The carbon content increased with temperature, whereas the hydrogen content decreased. Further decomposition of the organic matrix was observed with increasing temperature. Additionally, chemical modelling of pyrolytic gas was performed using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software and compared with the experimental results. The computational results showed a good correlation with the measured pyrolytic gas composition, especially in the case of the major gas components.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , The application of a drop-tube reactor for fast pyrolysis of agricultural biomass: an effective way to valuable products(2024) Bieniek, Artur; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Jerzak, Wojciech; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis paper presents experimental investigations of the fast pyrolysis of three agricultural biomass feedstocks in a drop-tube reactor (DTR) focusing on the production of bio-oil. Studying oat straw, corn straw, and rape straw allowed to optimize the use of diverse agricultural waste streams. The application of DTR with specially designed geometry and sample feeder gave information about pyrolysis conditions that can be helpful in the design of industrial-scale pyrolysis. The physical and chemical properties of feedstocks and received products using advanced instrumental techniques were determined. The yields of bio-oil were the highest during fast pyrolysis of studied biomass and were as follows: 53.2%, 51.28% and 49.11% for oat straw, corn straw and rape straw, respectively. The bio-oils were composed mainly of oxygen-containing compounds, with a dominant share of acids and phenols. It means that obtained bio-oils require upgrading their properties such as energy density and storage stability. The bio-chars were characterised by a high-energy density containing 60-70 wt.% carbon content giving carbon materials with a wide range of possible applications such as energy storage, absorbents and catalysts. The received pyrolytic gas was mostly composed of CO and CO2, and around 10% of hydrogen proving that it is possible to obtain pyrolysis-derived syngas as a source of energy. This research demonstrates the potential of using DTR for fast pyrolysis of agriculture residues aligning with the circular economy concept and contributing valuable knowledge for industrial applications.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Valorisation of tyre waste from a vulcanisation plant by catalytic pyrolysis – Experimental investigations using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor(2024) Jerzak, Wojciech; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis study focuses on the use of car tyre waste collected at a tyre repair station in Krakow (Poland). Waste from damaged tyres is disposed of as municipal solid waste. Therefore, the management of waste tyres already shredded by pyrolysis at 500 °C has been proposed. Tyre waste was hypothesised to be converted into valuable chemical products by pyrolysis in a hybrid reactor (drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor). On a micro scale, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyse the pyrolysis process. It has been shown that the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis clearly depends on whether the catalyst and tyre waste are mixed together or arranged in layers. Since the layered arrangement favoured the formation of hydrocarbons, such a system was used in the drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor. The high heating rate (500 °C/s) of tyre particles in the drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C allowed for the obtained a raw carbon black yield of 40.8 %. A similar yield of raw carbon black determined by thermogravimetric analysis for a heating rate of 0.17 °C/s) was observed at 800 °C. However, before commercial use, raw carbon black requires demineralisation because of its high ash content (approximately 50 %). The raw carbon black ash contained up to 90 % $SiO_{2}$, indicating that it could be a valuable catalyst material. Pyrolysis of tyre waste over the catalyst reduced the oxygen content in the oil and yield. The oil yields of tyre pyrolysis without a catalyst and over zeolite Y were 38 wt% and 35 wt%, respectively. The main components identified in the tyre pyrolysis gas were methane (27.6%), ethene (28.8%), and hydrogen (15.6%). The gas from catalytic pyrolysis was richer in CO and $CO_{2}$.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Pyrolysis of biomass wastes into carbon materials(2022) Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Kirczuk, Cezary; Kalemba-Rec, Izabela; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis study presents the results of the biomass pyrolysis process focusing on biochar production and its potential energetic (as solid fuel) and material (as adsorbent) applications. Three kinds of biomass waste were investigated: wheat straw, spent coffee grounds, and brewery grains. The pyrolysis process was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere at 400 and 500 °C (residence time of 20 min). A significant increase in the carbon content was observed in the biochars, e.g., from 45% to 73% (at 400 °C) and 77% (at 500 °C) for spent coffee grounds. In addition, the structure and morphology were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties were studied using a simultaneous thermal analysis under an oxidising atmosphere. The chemical activation was completed using KOH. The sorption properties of the obtained biochars were tested using chromium ion $(Cr^{3+})$ adsorption from liquid solution. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of each sample were determined using the BET method. Finally, it was found that selected biochars can be applied as adsorbent or a fuel. In detail, brewery grains-activated carbon had the highest surface area, wheat straw-activated carbon adsorbed the highest amount of $Cr^{3+}$, and wheat straw chars presented the best combustion properties.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Thermal upgrading of hydrochar from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction(2022) Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejSolid fraction obtained from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction is a waste produced in noticeable amounts, which according to circular economy concept can be upgraded to produce new, value-added products like: hydrogen rich process gas and carbon rich solid material. In this study, thermal upgrading of hydrochar by steam gasification was analysed. Raw material was obtained through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of digestate from anaerobic digestion of wet fraction of municipal solid waste at 200 and 230 °C, and residence time of 60 and 120 min. The further gasification step was carried out at 800 °C and the residence time was 10 min under nitrogen with a steam atmosphere. The main objective of hydrochar upgrading through steam gasification was production of carbon-rich material with developed active surface area. The study presented promising results regarding proper management of mixed wastes, which have not yet been analysed in the literature. It was noted that low temperature and residence time are favouring active surface area development. Analysis of the main gaseous products of the gasification process showed that syngas is composed mainly of $H_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $CO_{2}$, $O_{2}$, and $CO$. The hydrogen concentration was the highest noted for hydrochar obtained at highest temperature and residence time. Analysis of the concentration of each syngas component reveals that combined treatment of digestate from anaerobic digestion through the HTC and gasification process results in $H_{2}$-rich syngas products and a high $H_{2}/CO$ ratio with parallel fair quality activated carbon.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Exploring the potential of hydrothermal waxes derived from polyethylene: Product characterization and insights from solvent effects(2025) Wang, Guocheng; Xiao, Haoyu; Prus, Zuzanna; Chen, Yingquan; Yang, Haiping; Wang, Jiawei; Yang, Yang; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Wilk, Małgorzata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe accumulation of plastic waste poses a serious environmental challenge, and their traditional disposal methods became insufficient. The autoclave hydrothermal processing method, employing supercritical water as a solvent, offers notable advantages for plastic pyrolysis, including high conversion efficiency and superior product yield.The main objective of this study is to enhance the characterisation of wax product from hydrothermal conversion of PE plastic, thereby facilitating research into heavy hydrocarbons outside the gasoline and diesel range. Thus, the impact of temperature and polar solvent on the product distribution have been profoundly examined. The findings demonstrate that at temperatures below 420°C, the hydrothermal wax displays a hardness comparable to paraffin and is insoluble in conventional solvents. The addition of polar solvents enhanced the efficiency of PE chain scission, whereas the presence of oxygen broadened the product distribution. Ethanol induced chemical cyclisation in the hydrothermal wax, resulting in the formation of liquid aromatic compounds (25.96%). In contrast, acetic acid resulted in the softening of the wax, leading to the production of a higher proportion of light hydrocarbons (83.2%). The characteristics of hydrothermal wax were analysed using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Finally, the molecular formulas were validated through the use of heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Comparative study of grass pyrolysis over regenerated catalysts: Tyre ash, zeolite, and nickel-supported ash and zeolite(2024) Jerzak, Wojciech; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis paper presents investigations on catalytic and non-catalytic grass pyrolysis conducted at 500 °C using two reactor scales: a micro-scale reactor and a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Four catalysts were employed in the catalytic pyrolysis process: car tyre ash, commercial zeolite mordenite-sodium, nickel supported on ash, and nickel supported on zeolite. The use of catalysts reduced the production of oxygenates and promoted the formation of gaseous compounds, with the most pronounced effect observed for nickel supported on zeolite. Catalytic pyrolysis produced chars with yields that were higher than those of the non-catalytic process. The coking behaviour of the spent catalysts was evaluated by analysing carbon content, with the highest content (3 wt% C) obtained for ash after the first cycle. In the second cycle, the deposited carbon content decreased for all catalysts. Furthermore, the employment of catalysts was shown to promote the production of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons in pyrolysis gas. The higher heating value of the pyrolysis gas was the highest at 21.1 MJ/m³ when the ash catalyst was first used for pyrolysis. Reusing the pyrolysis catalysts slightly reduced the heating value of the gas to 20.3 MJ/m³ over ash and 20.6 MJ/m³ over zeolite.