Controlled exsolution-dissolution in double perovskites enables symmetrical-capable high-performance SOFC electrodes

Abstract

In situ exsolution has emerged as a powerful strategy for tailoring fuel electrode catalysts in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), yet its integration with reversible exsolution-dissolution processes and its application to symmetrical-capable electrode design remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate controlled exsolution-dissolution in nanofiber double perovskites as a rational route to engineer high-performance SOFC electrodes operable in both symmetrical and anode-supported configurations. $Sm_{0.9}Ba_{0.9}Mn_{1.8−x}Fe_{x}Co_{0.1}Ni_{0.1}O_{5+δ}$ nanofiber perovskites enable composition-dependent control of nanoparticle evolution. Under reducing conditions, socketed Co–Ni–Fe alloy nanocatalysts exsolve and partially embed into the perovskite lattice, while oxidation induces their transformation into $Fe_{3−x−y}Ni_{x}Co_{y}O_{4}$-type hollow core–shell nano-oxides via a Kirkendall-type mechanism. The nanofiber architecture promotes smaller and more densely distributed nanoparticles compared to powders, enhancing catalytic activity and redox stability. The optimized composite electrode delivers a low polarization resistance of $0.046 Ω cm^{2}$ at 800 °C. Anode-supported cells achieve a peak power density of $1112 mW cm^{−2}$ at 850 °C and $877 mW cm^{−2}$ at 800 °C, while symmetrical cells deliver $816 mW cm^{−2}$ at 800 °C with stable operation. This work establishes controlled exsolution-dissolution as a versatile platform for designing symmetrical-capable high-performance SOFC electrodes and highlights hollow core–shell nanostructure engineering as a powerful strategy for durable solid oxide electrochemical systems.