GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT

Stały identyfikator URI dla tego zbioru

https://repo.agh.edu.pl/handle/AGH/102748
...

New!   Aktualny numer: 2024 - Vol. 50 - No. 4

Roczniki i numery

Przeglądanie

Przeglądanie GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT według daty wydania

Przejdź do miejsca w indeksie:
Teraz pokazywane1 - 20 z 445
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Introduction to interferometry processing with Doris - The Delft object-oriented Radar Interferometric software
    (2012) Kniotek, Michał; Mirek, Katarzyna
    Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a powerful tool for mapping the Earth's land, ice and even the sea surface topography. It is based on processing of the pair of images to map out the differences in the reflected signals over the area (typically 100 km x 100 km). By bouncing signals from a radar satellite off the ground in successive orbits and looking at the differences between the images, interferometric synthetic aperture radar can detect small differences in the distance between its position and the ground as the land surface moves - whether up or down. A digital SAR image can be seen as a mosaic of pixels. Each pixel gives a complex number that carries amplitude and phase information about the microwave field backscattered by all the scatterers (such as rocks, buildings, vegetation) within the corresponding resolution cell projected on the ground. The amplitude depends on the roughness and typically, exposed rocks and urban areas show strong amplitudes, whereas smooth flat surfaces (like quiet water basins) show low amplitudes. The phase is directly linked to the distance between the observed terrain and the satellite sensor. By calculating the differences in phases (interferogram) between two sets of data, one can determine ground displacements that have occurred in the time between the data acquisitions. One of the popular open source and free program called Doris (The Delft object-oriented Radar Interferometric software) is developed to process data obtained from SAR systems. Doris basic input are SLC (Single Look Complex) images. Due to modular structure of program (processing is performed in steps/blocks), it is possible to write own steps of processing the data. Program is distributed with some helpful scripts and additional programs developed by community, which are compatible and ready to use with Doris. On every step of processing could be used other programs to: improve attributes of data (e.g. extra filtering), plot charts to check processed data or draw a maps. There are many possibilities for scripts wrote in Matlab or similar programs. SAGA GIS or GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) could be used to view images or merge parts of them. All the time new programs are being developed, which may be used with Doris or its result files. There are few other programs developed for InSAR processing like ROI_PAC or PHOTOMOD Radar, but in this article processing only in Doris is presented.The processing is not simple and may take few hours. Processing was made using data from European Space Agency before and after earthquake in Bam (Iran). At the beginning of processing, data need to be read and attached with orbits of satellite from day, when images were taken. In next step data could be connected with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and be resampled if needed. Next, master and slave images are computed to take offsets between images. After this interferogram is created. From interferogram reference phase and reference DEM are being subtracted. At the end are being created unwrapped interferogram, coherence map and geocoded interferogram, which is presented in geographical known reference system. Obtained products from Doris like unwrapped phase map could be helpful in earth science. Maps of terrain after unwrapping shows the terrain deformation with high accuracy of cm in resulution. The best results are shown using images which are taken before and after earthquake, but this is not the only use. Here should be again mentioned that data could be obtained even at night and through the clouds or snow caps, which cause problems in some areas of Earth. Plenty of data needed to interferometry processing is available for free.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    A web-based system for collecting and analysing of geological outcrops
    (2012) Lupa, Michał; Sarlej, Wojciech; Bagnicki, Łukasz; Szloch, Andrzej; Piórkowski, Adam
    The evolution of computer technology has created possibility to build digital catalog of geological outcrops cards - the geological data bank. In the recent times, the milestone event in the computer cartography was the release of Google Maps service (2005) and more accurately - geoservices, called web map services. These services were based on software (both commercial and open source) called map servers (Nowacki & Opach, 2009). One of these map servers is 'Geoportal' - http://geoportal.gov.pl, acting as a broker service, that provides the digital cartographic data and spatial services for the users. Another interesting spatial service - Central Geological Database was made by Polish Geological Institute -http://baza. pgi.gov.pl/. The appropriate collection and processing of data, collected as a result of geological research is a non-trivial task due to their volume and the multiplicity of formats in which they are delivered. Therefore geological databases are most miscellaneous and comprehensive, which means that they are a valuable source of information during performing of the analysis. Furthermore, data in themselves have no value, only systematization and appropriate interpretation by the user can make these data useful. To achieve this goal, spatial databases are being used, because in addition to the information received as a result of the analysis, they also have a spatial reference. This data structure forms the base layer of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and is present in applications for analyzing and visualization of the processing of geological data results One of this application is the Internet-based system 'GeoOutcrops', which enable collecting and analyzing data collected in the geological outcrops. GeoOutcrops is a universal database system of geological outcrops. It was created in Department of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science in Faculty of Geology,Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology. The GeoOutcrops database is processed, refreshed and expanded with new technical solutions version, of the geological service 'GeoKarpaty 2'. Similary to the GeoKarpaty2, the GeoOutcrops service is designed to store data of the Polish Flysch Carpathians. It can also be adapted to store data of entire Carpathians. In contrast to previous version, GeoOutcrops is a open source system, with better user interface usability and user friendly template. GeoOutcrops is a three-tier system model, which consists of: data tier, business tier and presentation tier. The data tier represents MySQL database with spatial extension - MySQL Spatial. The business tier of system, which contains the entire functional structure of the service, has been programmed using PHP language with Kohan's Framework 3.0 and PDO library. Interaction with the user supports JavaScript with the JQuery library. The presentation tier, including the user interface, is made with XHTML and CSS languages. The web site has been developed in accordance with the current standards, both in terms of structure, the user interface and aesthetics. The whole thing is the result of a thorough analysis of requirements and capabilities, aimed at creating a geoservice dedicated to users associated with the geological sciences. Moreover, the system also includes the implementation of Google Maps API and allows specifying the location of the various outcrops on the map.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Ground uplift after the closure of water leaks in the Mina drift of the Wieliczka Salt Mine
    (2012) Maj, Agnieszka; Kortas, Grzegorz; Ulmaniec, Paweł
    Po opanowanym wdarciu wód do Kopalni Soli Wieliczka przez zamknięcie wycieku w 2007 r. ustały obniżenia powierzchni i obecnie wykształcają się wypiętrzenia. W pracy przedstawiono warunki geologiczno-górnicze i hydrogeologiczne w strefie wycieku i na tle poprzednich obniżeń pokazano kształtowanie się wypiętrzeń terenu, obserwowane w pomiarach geodezyjnych niwelacją precyzyjną. Biorąc pod uwagę poprawkę na uczestniczące w przemieszczeniach terenu osiadania spowodowane wpływami kopalni, stwierdzono, że maksymalne wypiętrzenia osiągnęły 63 mm, a teren w następnych latach może się nadal wypiętrzać. Wskazano, że przyczyną wypiętrzeń jest zwiększenie ciśnienia w kawernach sufozyjnych oraz efekt wypornościowy i nawadnianie osuszonych i zdrenowanych utworów w trakcie spływu wód do kopalni.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Geological factors influencing the possibilities of deformations in the shafts of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area (LGOM) : abstract
    (2012) Matwij, Karolina Justyna; Matwij, Wojciech Maciej
    On 23rd March 1957 the information appeared that in the Sieroszowice region copper rich shale had been discovered. Probably nobody realized how difficult the conditions of copper ores exploitation would be. On 4 April 1959 the team lead by Jan Wyżykowski presented the first geologic documentation of the Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit. Based on the results from 24 boreholes, the reserves of the deposit were estimated as more than one billion tons of the ore (Błądek et al. 2005). Decision to build a mining enterprise, consisting of four mines, was taken immediately. Nowadays the exploitation in the region of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area (LGOM) is carried out by three units - Mining Enterprise (ME) ME 'Lubin', ME 'Polkowice-Sieroszowice' and ME 'Rudna'. The deposit of copper ore is localized within a large structural unit - the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The deposit rocks were formed in the Permian on the border between Rotligend and Zechstein. They were formed as sandstones, carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) and shales (Kłapciński 1971, Monografia KGHM... 2007). Mining areas are large. Geological conditions of subsequent parts of the deposit show diversity. This causes that the area of LGOM can be divided into two parts - northern and southern. The southern part is characterized by a lower depth of the exploitations of the copper ore (ca. 600 m). The deposit is dipping in the angle of several degrees in the NE direction and its outcrops are in the southern part of the copper area (Stupnicka 1997, Monografia KGHM... 2007). The southern part is situated on the border of two tectonic units (Fore-Sudetic Mono-cline and Fore-Sudetic Block). The dislocation system of central Odra River, of NW-SE direction (Oberc 1972, Tomaszewski 1978) forms the border of these units. Complicated tectonics of the area influences the possibility of making deformations in the rock mass and consequently in the shafts of KGHM Company. Although faults occur in the whole area of LGOM, within the southern part they have additional meaning - make a potential way for migration of ground waters. This is significant for the discussed region because of the possibility of joining water-bearing horizons (contacting hydraulic layers of Buntsandstein, limestones and dolomites W-l). Water-bearing properties of the north region are much weaker. This is related to the occurrence of isolation layers (Wilk & Bocheńska red. 2003). Pores and caverns are filled with gypsum and calcite, and sometimes silt, which significantly limits the possibility of water migration. Hydro-geological dichotomy of the area is also confirmed by the observations carried out during the exploitation. They show that 95-97% of general inflow to LGOM mines comes from the region of the south deposit (Wilk & Bocheńska red. 2003). Thus in the south the biggest depression funnels of subsequent water-bearing horizons (Zechstein, Cenozoic) are observed. The biggest subsidence troughs caused by mining exploitation and related drainage are also present there (Popiołek et al. 2009). The factors mentioned above have a strong influence on the spatial distribution of the rock mass deformation. The described dichotomy of LGOM also refers to the surveying of the effects of exploitation. The results of the monitoring indicate the increased values of subsidence of vertical strains in the shafts located in the southern part of the area. Of course, the distribution and intensity of the carried out exploitation should be taken into account. Nevertheless, in majority of cases, the thesis that in the southern region the accumulation of unfavourable geologic, hydrogeologie and other conditions results is confirmed. What is the most important for the studies, these cause increased deformation in mining shafts of LGOM.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Synthesis and preliminary characterization of 2-line ferrihydrite containing different amounts of Si : abstract
    (2012) Pieczara, Gabriela; Rzepa, Grzegorz
    Ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 · 4H2O) is the reddish-brown, nearly amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide mineral with variable composition, widespread in various near-surface environments. Being thermodynamically unstable, it transforms with time into goethite (a-FeOOH) or hematite (a-Fe2O3). Due to its low crystallinity and high surface area, ferrihydrite is highly reactive and plays, through coprecipitation and adsorption reactions, an essential role in e.g. geochemical cycling of various trace elements and capturing of contaminants from streams and groundwater in such environments as ironladen springs, mine wastes and acid mine drainage. The environmental importance is one of the main reasons for numerous studies on ferrihydrite properties which have been carried out recently. These studies have been dealing with, among others, solubility, thermodynamic features, surface chemistry, sorption and catalytic properties etc. However, in the majority of experimental works synthetic ferrihydrite analogues with chemical composition close to ideal have been applied. Such approach might cause oversimplification, because ferrihydrite always contain substantial amounts of admixtures, with Si, C, P, As, Ca, Al being probably most common. One of the most important and the most common impurity is Si, which in the form of silicate ion has strong affinity for a hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide surface. An association of ferrihydrite with Si not only retards the rate of its transformation to the stable phases (goethite or hematite), but also seriously affects e.g. surface chemistry. Although Si-ferrihydrite was successfully synthesized in several studies, relatively little is known about its properties. The aim of this work was to fill that gap. Ferrihydrite samples having different Si/Fe molar ratios: 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50, were obtained by reaction of Fe2(SO4)3 with NaOH in the presence of Na2Si03 at pH 8.2. The precipitates were incubated for four days at room temperature, then the suspensions were dialyzed to remove an excess of salt, and finally freezedried. The products were characterized using a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray pattern of pure ferrihydrite reveals two asymmetric broad bands with maxima at 2.55 A and 1.50 A, characteristic for 2-line ferrihydrite. With increasing Si/Fe molar ratio, shifting in position of the first (ca. 35°20) peak towards lower angles (up to ca. 29°20) was observed. Gradual broadening of the peak and declining its asymmetry were noticed as well. Both the position and the shape of the second band did not shift at the same time. These features indicate reducing crystallinity and lowering grain size of Si-ferrihydrite in comparison to those for the pure ferrihydrite. Infrared spectrum of the pure (Si-free) ferrihydrite shows a broad band at ca. 400 cm'1, with a shoulder at 600 cm'1, attributable to Fe-0 stretching vibrations. Distinct bands at 1635 cm'1 and 3400 cm'1, related to OH stretching, are apparent as well. The presence of small peaks at 975 cm' , 1055 cm' and 1125 cm' is probably an effect of sulfate complex formation on the ferrihydrite surface. Increasing Si concentration strongly affects infrared spectra of ferrihydrite: additional intensive band at ca. 990 cm' (Si-0 stretching) appears and is getting stronger with increasing Si/Fe ratio. The position of this band is shifted slightly towards higher wavenumbers (up to 1003 cm'1) at higher-Si-ferrihydrite spectra. At the same time, ~ 600 cm'1 shoulder and sulfate peaks disappear. Results of Raman spectroscopy are in general consistent with those of FTIR and gave more specific information about the band at ca. 400 cm'1, which is quite indistinct on infrared spectra and attributed to Fe-OH unsymmetrical-stretching vibrations. The band is getting broader and is slightly shifted to higher wavenumbers with increasing Si/Fe ratio but its intensity decreases drastically for the highest-Si samples (Si/Fe > 0.75). At the same time, characteristic 720 cm'1 peak and ca. 500 cm'1 shoulder become hardly visible and the spectra are getting dominated by broad but intensive band of ca. 1500-1700 cm'1, typical for amorphous silica. Additionally, sharp peak at 980 cm'1 present on lower-Si spectra is probably an effect of relic sulfate ion adsorption onto ferrihydrite surface. Preliminary results indicate that silicate ions not only cause decreasing crystallinity and retard ferrihydrite transformation but also strongly affect its surface properties. To verify this hypothesis and to enhance characteristics of Si-ferrihydrite, additional analyses are planned, including solubility, surface area and pHPZC determinations, thermal analyses and electron microscopy. Sorption/desorption studies involving cations and anions binding are planned as well.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Application of the SAR interferometric methods to identify the mobility of the area above the salt diapir in Inowrocław and the regional salt structures in central Poland
    (2012) Piątkowska, Anna; Surała, Maria; Perski, Zbigniew; Graniczny, Marek
    W ujęciu regionalnym tektonika blokowa w podłożu kompleksu permskiego była jednym z ważniejszych czynników inicjujących i warunkujących dźwiganie się antyklin solnych ku górze. W wypadku wysadu solnego Inowrocławia występował naturalny proces dźwigania kopuły wysadu o różnym stopniu nasilenia, a jego skutkiem jest powolna aktywność stref tektonicznych. Przybliżone wartości przemieszczeń terenu lokalnie w rejonie wysadu i regionalnie w rejonie struktur solnych zostały określone na podstawie wyników badań interferometrii satelitarnej SAR metodami PSInSAR i DInSAR. Do wyznaczenia wartości przemieszczeń powierzchni terenu w ostatnich 15 latach zostały wykorzystane wszystkie dostępne sceny archiwalne (zarówno descending, jak i ascending) satelitów ERS-1/2 oraz ENVISAT. W celu wyznaczenia stref aktywnych tektonicznie wyniki interferometrii radarowej zostały zanalizowane przy użyciu wszystkich zgromadzonych typów danych: tektonicznych, teledetekcyjnych, geofizycznych, geologicznych, geodezyjnych oraz danych strukturalnych. Pozwoliło to na scharakteryzowanie procesu podnoszenia i osiadania terenu w wymiarze lokalnym oraz regionalnym oraz wykazanie wyraźnych związków z naturalnym procesem halotektoniki.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    New survey of lead and zinc ore mineralization in Republic of Kosovo
    (2012) Kołodziejczyk, Joanna; Pršek, Jaroslav; Qela, Halil; Asllani, Burim
    Kosovo lead and zinc ore deposits are located in the Trepca Belt which extends for over 80 km. Several ore deposits occur in that belt, with the most important - Stan Terg (Trepca). Stan Terg deposit originating at the contact between volcanic breccias and carbonate rocks. Two different types of mineralization can be distinguished. The older one has origin related to pneumatolitic processes, when skarns were formed. The more recent one was formed by hydrothermal processes and has the largest economic importance. Over 70 minerals have been recognized in the Trepca deposit. Further mineralogical investigations will allow for the identification of other rare minerals.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Primary and secondary copper minerals from Rędziny, Rudawy Janowickie, Sudeten, Southwestern Poland
    (2012) Orligóra, Wojciech; Gołębiowska, Bożena
    Dolomite quarry in Rędziny is a place, which has a very rich polymetallic mineralization. It is a result of hydrothermal processes (precipitated primary minerals) or chemical weathering changes (precipitated secondary minerals). Proximity to Karkonosze Granite massif greatly influenced the variety of the mineralization in Rędziny. Compared to numerous exploited mines located in the vicinity (for example Miedzianka, Ciechanowice, Czarnów, Radomierz), the dolostone quarry is relatively young, opencast mine. Sulfides are the most common primary minerals in Rędziny. This information appears in the study of Gołębiowska et al. (e.g. 1998, 2006, 2012). Secondary mineralization is very variable and it occurs as forms of arsenates, vanadates, phosphates, carbonates, silicates and oxides (Gołębiowska et al. 1998, 2006). The aim of the study was to characterize primary and secondary mineralization, rich in copper compounds, which were located in northern hypergene zone of dolostones quarry in Rędziny. Results were compared with other sampling points from the data of Golebiowska's studies. The chemical analysis in microscale was used to examine relationship between minerals. The presence of Cu-minerals in Rędziny is associated with brownish, greenish and reddish zones dispersed in dolostones. The classic mineralogical and chemical researches of the polymineral samples with macroscopically visible green mineralization with use of optical microscopy (transmitted and reflected light), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe study (EDS, WDS) were also performed. The main primary minerals are tennantite, chalcopyrite and less often galena or sphalerite. In BSE there were also observed minor mineral inclusions of Ti, U, Ce, Fe and Ca phase, most probably brannerite. It was recognized in small cavities and fissures between relicts of tennanite and it forms prismatic crystals up to 10 Jin. Origin of brannerite is probably connected with decomposition of uraninite. Minerals of Ti (e.g. titanite) were also found in the Rędziny quarry. The most common secondary mineral phases are represented by Ca-Cu arsenate (tyrolite-clinotyrolite) and Cu-silicate (chrysocolla). X-ray powder difraction data of blue-green spherical accumulation of small crystals, correspond to the standard data of clinotyrolite and partially of tyrolite. Detailed X-Ray studies show split basic reflections: (001) CT and (002) T, and (002) CT and (004) T. These data indicated that tyrolite is intergrowths with clinotyrolite. The analyses of Cu-Ca arsenates were normalized to a X cation =11 (Cu + Ca + Zn + + Fe + Mn + Ba = 11) in the respective formula units of clinotyrolite: Caj 94(Cu8 99, Zn^ 07) [(AsO4)3 95(SO4)0 03 (OH)10 17] · 10H2O. The amounts of H2O were calculated by stoichiometry. Trace elements detected by EMPA are: Mn, Bi, Fe and Ba < 0.01 apfu. Secondary minerals associations from Rędziny quarry were formed differently, which indicate various physical and chemical conditions during oxidation. Supergene phases, which occurs in the northern part of the quarry at Rędziny, were formed as a product of oxidation of primary polymetallic ores, containing sulphides, sulphoarsenides and copper-arsenic sulphosalts.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Pressure-temperature estimates on the Tjeliken eclogite from northern Jämtland, Swedish Caledonides abstract
    (2012) Andersson, Barbro; Majka, Jarosław; Klonowska, Iwona; Rosén, Åke
    Eclogites are important in order to understand orogenic processes, since their presence indicates high-pressure metamorphism. In northern Jamtland, Swedish Caledonides, eclogites have been found at several places in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC). The mountain Tjeliken in the Lower Seve Nappe is one of them. Dating relates the high-pressure metamorphism to the Late Ordovican subduction of the Baltoscandian margin during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. In this study new P-T conditions are presented for the Tjeliken eclogite. These are based on petrological studies of an eclogite sampled on the top of the Tjeliken Mt. in summer 2010. Mineral peak assemblage consists of garnet + omphacite + phengite + quartz. Peak conditions are calculated to ca. 2.7 GPa and 700°C. These P-T conditions fall into the upper part of the quartz stability field, close to the quartz-coesite transition line. The new P-T estimates indicate a deep subduction of the Baltoscandian margin already in the Late Ordovician.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Organic matter associated with Zn-Pb ores from the Silesian-Cracow region, Poland : abstract
    (2012) Rybicki, Maciej
    The Silesian-Cracow lead and zinc deposits are occurring mainly within the so-called ore-bearing dolomites of the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) and by the most authors are classified as Mississippi Valley-type deposits (Sass-Gustkiewicz et al. 1982, Wodzicki 1987, Leach et al. 2001, 2010). Coaly accumulations within the Zn-Pb deposits of the Silesian-Cracow region such as so-called dopplerite - a black, amorphous organic matter (OM) macroscopically resembling gelificated detrital lignite (see Sass-Gustkiewicz & Kwiecińska 1994, Kwiecińska et al. 1997), brown and matte-blacke intercalations in the clayey rocks of the internal sediment type (Sass-Gustkiewicz 1996) and organic matter present in inclusions of the sulfide minerals (Karwowski et al. 1979, 2001, Kozlowski 1995) are well known, but the problem of their origin is the subject of numerous discussions and to present day has not been clearly resolved. There is an agreement among investigators that the above-mentioned OM has an allochtonous origin, but the controversy raises the question of the potential source of OM and its age (Kołcon & Wagner 1983, Sass-Gustkiewicz & Kwiecińska 1999, Karwowski et al. 2001). Preliminary tests using gas chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements were carried out. First results show that studied samples (dopplerites, internal sediments and sphalerites) from various locations of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb ore districts are organic matter-rich rocks/minerals. Dopplerite OM content varies from 35% to over 50% TOC, internal sediments contain up to 14% TOC, while sphalerites usually have 0.1-0.2% TOC (although there are some samples with over 1% TOC). The contents of total sulfur (TS) are highly variable and depend on the degree of sulfides mineralization. For dopplerites, TS is in the range of 2-8%, while the internal sediments usually containing more sulfur (5-20% TS) because of their association with the ore minerals. The study of coaly matter extracts from the various localities of the Silesia-Cracow Zn-Pb ore districts using GC-MS revealed its immature nature. Although hopanes distribution differs quite considerably between samples, all of them contain hop-13 (18)-ens, hop-17 (21)-ens and 17ß, 21ß (H)-hopans compounds typical for an immature OM, unstable in temperature exceeded 50-60°C (Karwowski et al. 2001). It is interesting, that the pilot investigations of OM using pyrolysis and off-line derivatization showed only the presence of small amounts of fatty acids, which did not confirm the proposed origin of these organic accumulations, according to which they were precipitated with humic acids due to the presence of Ca ions (Sass-Gustkiewicz & Kwiecinska 1999).
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Maturity of Menilite Shales from Polish Outer Carpathians based on vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
    (2012) Waliczek, Marta; Więcław, Dariusz
    Maturity of organic matter is one of the most important parameters characterizing the source rock. The maturation process depends on organic matter properties (kinetic parameters of kerogen) and burial history (temperature and time). The vitrinite reflectance measurements and Rock-Eval pyrolysis are widely used to characterize the maturity of organic matter occurring in the source rock. The purpose of the present study is to determine the thermal maturity of organic material present in Oligocene Menilite Shales from Polish Outer Carpathians based on vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. These organic-rich rocks are considered as a main source of oils accumulated in Outer Carpathian sequence (Kotarba & Kołtun 2006). Analysis has been performed on eleven claystone samples collected from outcrops of Dukla Unit. Part of them was taken in tectonic windows of Dukla Unit within Magura Unit: Świątkowa, Grybów and Ropa. Microscopic analysis of organic matter in reflected white light and fluorescence has been carried out for each sample. Macerals have been characterized and classified according to their optical properties and morphology. Rock-Eval pyrolysis has been used to determine: a) the amount of free hydrocarbons present in the sample (S1), b) the amount of residual hydrocarbons generated during pyrolysis of organic matter (S2), c) the amount of CO2 generated during pyrolysis of organic matter (S3), d) the temperature of maximum of S2 peak (Tmax), e) the amount of CO2 received during oxidation of residual, carbon (S4). Based on received parameters the source-rock indices were calculated: a) total organic carbon {TOC = [0.83(S1 + S2) + S4]/10}, b) hydrogen index (HI = 100S2/TOC), c) oxygen index (OI = l00S3/TOC), d) production index [PI = S1/(S1 + S2)]. Reflected white light optical research methods of organic matter enable to find in each studied sample macerals from vitrinite and inertynite group. Two generation of vitrinite has been noticed during the studies. The first type has been represented by vitrinite in situ. The second one has been recognized as a dark, gelified vitrinite, filled in with some mineral or organic association. Inertinite macerals have been represented mostly by detritus material. Macerals from liptynite group have been recognized using fluorescent microscopy. These macerals occur commonly in each sample, what could indicate domination of oil-prone kerogen Type II. The vitrinite reflectance measurements have been carried out for both types of vitrinite. The random reflectance Rr of organic matter varies between 0.45% and 0.9% for first type of vitrinite and from 0.2% to 0.66% for the second one. Measurements of reflectance of vitrinite in situ have indicated that organic matter has reached the maturation stages of hydrocarbon generation corresponding to oil window phase. Values of selected parameters and indices received from Rock-Eval pyrolysis vary: TOC from 1.73 wt. % to 6.4 wt. % (median 4.3 wt. %), HI from 197 mg HC/g TOC to 681 mg HC/g TOC (median 342 mg HC/g TOC) and Tmax from 421°C to 456°C (median 440°C). These data indicate that analysed samples are rich in organic matter, predominantly of oil-prone kerogen Type II. Rock-Eval Tmax temperature values correlate well with reflectance of organic matter for vitrinite in situ, for dark vitrinite this correlation is not visible.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Problemy hydrogeologiczne i geotechniczne związane z zawodnieniem zabytkowych szybów Kopalni Soli Wieliczka na przykładzie szybu Górsko
    (2012) d'Obyrn, Kajetan; Przybyło, Jerzy
    Szyb Górsko został zgłębiony do głębokości poziomu I w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku i ukończono go prawdopodobnie w 1622 roku. W XIX wieku szyb pogłębiano, a w 1954 roku został zasypany do głębokości około 6 m p.p.t. Na podszybiach szybu oraz w pobliskiej komorze Fryderyk August rejestrowano wycieki solanek oraz okresowo wynoszony materiał skalny w postaci iłów pylastych. Teren wokół szybu systematycznie osiada, a rejestrowane średnie obniżenia terenu wynoszą ok. 13 mm/rok. W grudniu 2002 roku tempo osiadań wzrosło, powodując spękania budynku nadszybia. W lutym 2011 r. został opracowany projekt techniczny doszczelnienia szybu. Zaprojektowano 83 otwory doszczelniające otaczające szyb, o głębokości 18 m oraz trzy otwory kontrolne w tarczy szybu. Prace cementacyjne zaplanowano w czterech strefach głębokościowych przy użyciu zaczynów cementowych, a realizację projektu rozpoczęto w grudniu 2011 r.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Practical application of high resolution ground penetrating radar method inside buildings
    (2012) Mazurek, Ewelina; Łyskowski, Mikołaj
    An infrastructure development requires a precise indoor localization plan of cables, pipes or reinforcing elements. Due to the age of many buildings in Poland such plans often do not exist or do not contain the evidence of numerous activities carried out over years like repairs or modifications. Due to this situation demands for application of geophysical methods grow, especially with respect to the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method. A possibility of precise localization of hidden objects arises with the use of high frequency antennas together and with precise measuring grid. Research carried out at the request of one of the departments of AGH University of Science and Technology in building B2 showed great potential of GPR methods in this field. The study was devoted to recognition of structure of the concrete floor. The obtained results gave very precise location of numerous objects of interest and they became a good sample of high resolution investigations. The survey was performed with ProEx unit, produced by a Swedish company - Mala Geoscience, which is in the possession of the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmental records at the Neanderthal locality Gánovce - preliminary results : abstract
    (2012) Sabol, Martin; Kováčová, Marianna; Čeklovský, Tomáš; Joniak, Peter; Zervanová, Júlia
    The best known and the the most important of Neanderthal sites in Slovakia is the travertine mound of Gánovce-Hrádok (49°01' N 20° 19' E) with the sedimentary record from the Saalian termination up to the Holocene. A scientific research at the site was realized since 1880s, but the complex systematic research was realized only during 1955-1960, conditioned by the famous record of Neanderthal braincase in 1926. The research results have been published in the final report and within a monograph. The basic analysis of palaeontological findings of mammals was realized by Fejfar, who divided them into 6-7 groups, providing together with fossil molluscs (V. Ložek) and plants (V. Kneblová) a basic picture on both the climate and the palaeoenvironment in the vicinity of Gánovce during the formation of the travertine mound. Apart from remains of mammals, birds, and reptiles, the most important record at the site is represented by fossils of Neanderthal Man. The age of the place, where Neanderthal fossils have been found, was determined as 105,000 BP. The environment of Neanderthals was distinctly changed during the Late Pleistocene in the whole area of their occurrence because of severe climatic changes. Differences found in the composition of fossil assemblages reflect those in the terrestrial environment. Based on the definition of the taxonomical diversity of extinct organisms, the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and the exact age determination of the fossil record, a definition of individual events is possible from the evolutionary-phylogenetic and the climatic-environmental viewpoints.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Wyrobiska solne jako przestrzeń urbanistyczna
    (2012) Langer, Piotr Dominik
    W artykule zwrócono uwagę na szczególne znaczenie wyrobisk solnych w nieczynnych kopalniach soli, które ze względu na specyficzne cechy i walory mogą być wykorzystywane do stymulowania rozwoju i wzmacniania atrakcyjności górniczych miast solnych jako ośrodków poprzemysłowych. Podkreślono potrzebę wyboru odpowiedniego kierunku przebudowy i adaptacji wyrobisk solnych w celu możliwie pełnego wyeksponowania i zachowania unikatowych wartości oraz udostępnienia kopalni różnym grupom użytkowników.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Metamorphic evolution of the Seve Nappe Complex in the Snasahögarna area, Swedish Caledonides : abstract
    (2012) Rosén, Åke; Majka, Jarosław; Klonowska, Iwona
    The Middle Seve Nappe in the Snasahögarna mountains, western Jämtland, Sweden, is composed of high grade metamorphic rocks emplaced in far-travelled nappes. The investigation of these paragneisses, derived from the Baltica margin, can contribute information about the subduction and exhumation processes, which controlled the formation of the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Recent studies in other parts of the orogen have shown that the rocks of the SNC likely have experienced pressures higher than what was previously described (Janák et al. 2012, Klonowska et al. in press). These latest PT studies along with geochronological dates available suggest that the collision between Baltica and Laurentia has commenced c. 30 m.y. earlier (at ca. 450 Ma) than generally accepted. Samples of kyanite- and garnet-bearing meta-sediments were collected along a profile at Tväraklumparna (Snasahögarna area) and investigated in thin sections using light microscopy followed by BSE imaging, WDS analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Preliminary results show that dominant garnet reaches up to 7 mol. % of Grs content. The garnet commonly contains inclusions of quartz surrounded by radial cracks and grains of polycrystalline quartz. More rare are inclusions of kyanite and white mica with a Si-contents reaching 3.34 a.p.f.u. Detailed studies of garnet revealed dense areas of micrometer size inclusions exhibiting negative crystal shape present in the core regions. Raman studies suggest these inclusions are at least partly formed by microdiamond. Textural evidence of peak metamorphic conditions reaching the stability field of coesite together with microdiamonds preserved in garnet cores confirms that the Seve Nappe crustal rocks of the Snasahögarna area has undergone ultrahigh pressure metamorphism.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Geochemistry of ordovician black shales from the Leningrad region : abstract
    (2012) Proskurnina, Alina Vasil'evna
    The black shales zone is located in southern periphery of the Baltic Shield and forms part of the Vendian-Paleozoic platform cover. This zone, together with the Sablino, Koporye, Mozhaiskoe, Popovka, Izhora, Ust-Luga, represents a potentially large noble metal and rhenium resource in the Leningrad region. This paper presents mineralogy and geochemistry of black shales that are important estimating the potential for possible future mining. Sampling was carried out at seven points in the Leningrad region, where samples were collected from different parts of the strata. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microprobe (SEM) analyses were mainly used to identify the mineral species and estimate metal contents. Illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar were identified as main silicates with minor amount of iron oxides such as jarosite and goethite. Pyrite in black shale typically occurs in framboidal form and as euhedral crystals. Framboidal pyrite was found in the black shale samples from Sablino, Koporye and Ust-Luga. Such form of occurrence is typical for pyrite that is formed during early diagenesis. The content of organic matter in the studied black shale samples is 1.3-16.5 wt. %. The total rare earth elements (?REE) content of black shale samples ranges from 65.67 ppm to 262.95 ppm. The average REE content of 15 samples from different parts of the Leningrad region is higher than 134.19 ppm for the world black shale calculated by Ketris and Yudovich (2009). The content of rhenium in the samples is 0.14-0.25 ppm. The concentration of Re is higher in the western part of the studied area. XAS shows that concentration of the palladium group elements is higher in western part of the region, where the Pd content varies from 0.45 ppm to 0.77 ppm. Additionally, the results of this study also yield contents of U (286 ppm), V (2140 ppm), Mo (1260 ppm). Therefore, black shales as a perspective source of critical metals demand further detailed study.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Groundwater table fluctuations in the direct catchment of Goczałkowice reservoir - results of quantitative monitoring abstract
    (2012) Czekaj, Joanna; Kozioł, Klaudia
    Implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) drew more attention to a problem of water quality and depended ecosystems. The strategic research project Integrated system supporting management and protection of dammed reservoir (ZiZoZap) which is being recently realized for Goczałkowice reservoir fulfils the mention problem. One of the important tasks of the ZiZOZap project is assessment of the groundwater-surface water interaction from both qualitative and quantitative point of view. For solving of these problems the large scale groundwater monitoring network (55 private well and 22, mainly nested, monitoring wells) has been organized within the area of direct catchment of Goczałkowice reservoir (southern Poland). Main task of quantitative monitoring is: to identify hydrogeological conditions of the upper Quaternary aquifer in the research area, to evaluate of groundwater reaction on outer impact of such factors as precipitation and surface water level in dammed reservoir,thus, the groundwater-surface water interaction. Groundwater table level monitoring has been carrying on since May 2011 with monthly frequency. Since July 2012 constant monitoring of groundwater level and temperature has been carrying on. Five data loggers (divers) with integrated pressure probe were installed in selected monitoring wells. Four divers have been installed in nested monitoring wells situated along the groundwater pathway at southern experimental site called Zarzecze Pumping Station. Installed divers conveniently and automatically collect groundwater level and temperature data every hour. Till the end of December 2012 the data base contained over 20,000 records. Long-term research shows large diversity of groundwater fluctuation in monitoring points. Maximum amplitude of groundwater fluctuation comes to 2.5 m in the northern side of the catchment. Groundwater fluctuations are lower in direct proximity of reservoir.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    Paleostructural and sedimentary provenance analysis of Lower Devonian-Upper Permian oil and gas complexes of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province
    (2012) Vološina, Ol'ga V
    Paleostructural analysis is based on well log data, the results of recent seismic work and also previous geological works of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province. The main purpose of this investigation is to define the main stages of the structural and tectonic development of the study area. Sedimentary basin analysis is a geologic method by which the history of a sedimentary basin is revealed, by analyzing the sediment fill itself. The results show the formation of sedimentation depocenters, the formation of barrier reefs and other features of a sedimentary basin. According to this analysis several sedimentatary complexes were distinguished: Middle Ordovician-Lower Devonian, Middle Devonian-Sargaevskiy, Domanic-Tournaisian, Middle Visean-Lower Permian, Lower Permian, Upper Permian. Middle Ordovician-Lower Devonian. Paleostructural surface of this oil and gas complex (OGC) have a complicated structure. In the central part of the study area is situated a large paleo-high bounded from the west, north and east by several deep depressions. Northern and eastern depressions in Ordovician time perhaps originated as aulacogens formed by deep faults. Analysis of the thickness map allowed identifying three depocenters. It should be noted that in the Middle Ordovician-Early Devonian time there are two types of sedimentation. During the Early Ordovician and the first half of the Middle Ordovician terrigenous sedimentation prevailed (Severo-Zapadnaya-202 and B Ugrinskaya wells). During the Late Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian terrigenous sedimentation type changes to carbonate. Middle Devonian-Sargaevskiy. Paleostructural surface of this complex contrasts with the previous one. In the Early and Middle Devonian tectonic structural alteration of the surface happened. West depression in all probability was filled with deposits of Ordovician-Devonian and the end of time is formed by a large high, the central part of which is land. The eastern depression was significantly reduced in size. Two depressions in the Varandey-Azdvinskaya and Severo-Preduralskaya areas were separated by large arched high, the southern part of which was perhaps located outside of sedimentation area. The rest of the territory is a monocline, gradually deepening in the north-east. Analysis of the thickness map allowed identifying three depoeenters. It should be noted that the formation of is OGC was in two stages: regressive and transgressive. Domanic-Tournasian. Paleostructural surface varies slightly. Western part of the study area is still a monocline complicated by two small uplifts. The eastern part has undergone tectonic reconstruction. The result is a large, complex depression, divided in the northern part by the small uplift. Analysis of the thickness map allows identification of only one sedimentation depoeenter, located in the land area of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province. Only the northern end of Domanic depression shows marine sedimentaion. D3fr-D3fm time is characterized by the accumulation of carbonate-terrigenous sediments, which by the end of early Famennian fill the Domanic depression. In the shallow-water part of the shelf, the carbonate phase of sedimentation begins. In the land area of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province reef rock and biostromes were formed. Lower-Middle Visean. Tectonic reorganization divided the study area into two parts: a large uplift was elevated in the west and south-west part while in the east and north-east part shallow depression with marine type of sedimentation was formed. Middle Visean-Lower Permian. Paleostructural surface is characterized by the development of major depression in the central part of the study area. Depression is complicated by two cavities. In the south-west and south-east of the study area two major uplifts were formed. Late Visean is characterized by transgressive stage of development. Marine type of sedimentation covers the whole territory. Two depoeenter of sedimentation were formed, one in the central part of the territory, the other - outside the study area. In both depoeenters accumulation of terrigenous or carbonate-terrigenous sediments is possible. Early Permian period is characterized by calm tectonic conditions and, therefore, carbonate type of sedimentation. Lower Permian. Paleostructural surface changes. Artinskian-Kungurian time is characterized by a sharp shallowing marine basin, evidenced by small power complex. Relatively deep sea is preserved only in the east area. Accumulation of terrigenous (clay) material represent the type of sedimentation Upper Permian. Paleostructural surface is characterized by fragmentation of the tectonic area, affected by several major fault zones, which formed depressions and uplifts. Based on this, we can assume that this proess represent a fundamental tectonic reorganization, which controlled the sedimentation in the basin. The tectonics caused change in the type of sedimentation.
  • thumbnail.publication.alt
    Artykuł
    Otwarty dostęp
    The methods of vertical time to depth conversion : abstract
    (2012) Górska-Mruk, Ewelina
    The final aim of seismic imaging is to position reflectors correctly in the depth domain. Depth imaging implies building up a velocity model of the subsurface. This velocity model must be chosen so that calculated traveltimes provide the closest approximation to real traveltimes. A correct and accurate estimate of depth and dips is required in many instances: structural interpretation of seismic data, well placement and design, rock volume assessment. This means that after time migration interpretive step is necessary for transforming times into depths. A operation that transforms a time-domain seismic data set into its corresponding depth-domain data set is referred to as time to depth conversion. The author is presenting an overview of different methods of converting time to depth using the set of seismic section from Wiszniów - Tarnoszyn survey and 10 number of wells with full set of borehole geophysical data and stratigraphic data. Inter alia: Single well and analytical Z = f(T) function, Several wells and single Z — Zsf = f(T — Tsf) polynomial, Wells and average velocity maps, Wells and interpolation with seismic times, Wells and interpolation using calibrated stacking velocities, Wells and de-tended stacking velocities, Wells only and interval velocities, Wells and interpolation using calibrated interval seismic velocities, Wells and Vint = f(Zmid), Wells and V0 + kZ, Wells and normalized velocities. Examples of the methods' application were performed. They used building the velocity models on the basis of time to depth transformation. The results are presented on several graphs for comparison of outputs of different models.