GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT

Stały identyfikator URI dla tego zbioru

https://repo.agh.edu.pl/handle/AGH/102748

Zawartość:
Roczniki, numery i artykuły czasopisma Geology, Geophysics & Environment

O czasopiśmie:
http://journals.agh.edu.pl/geol

Poprzedni tytuł:
Geologia

Przeglądanie

Teraz pokazywane1 - 20 z 431

Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
16 Międzynarodowe Sympozjum Solne Ouo Vadis Sal, 13-15 października 2011, Toruń
(2012) Czapowski, Grzegorz; Kortas, Grzegorz
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography interpretation ambiguity - example of field studies supported with analogue and numerical modelling
(2013) Bania, Grzegorz; Ćwiklik, Michał
Single Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) survey was carried out in the Manor and Park Complex in Nowa Huta (Krakow Branice, Poland). It was applied at a small distance and parallel to the longer wall of a monumental building containing an empty 3 m deep basement. Analogue modelling was performed in order to recreate the field study at the proper scale. The laboratory set-up consisted of a water tank where electrodes were mounted to the particular plate, which rested on water surface. The basement model was made out of a non-conducting material. The default and robust inversions were tested and these variants were also considered with the use of numerical modelling. Laboratory experiments have confirmed that zones visible in the interpreted field section are caused by the influence of the building cellar located next to the survey line. Zones of this kind are additionally disturbed by the local geological structure. The experiment has pointed out, among others, that as the distance between the survey line and the underground body increases, the inversion results are still burdened by an object influence. Thus, similar situations can be verified with the use of analogue modelling presented in this paper or 3D numerical one.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
3-dimensional surface magnetic susceptibility distributions with depth to investigate anthropogenic pollutants boundary in Abuja Metropolis
(2016) Jatto, Solomon Sunday; Sule, Peter Ojo; Ahmed, Lawal Aminu
Changes in the magnetic susceptibility of topsoil, especially in urban areas, are greatly affected by the deposition of anthropogenic metallic dust arising from industrial activities, the burning of fossil fuels, car wear, and tyre abrasion. In this study, magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out in vertical soil profiles of 30.0 cm depth from the surface at 10.0 cm intervals in about 431 locations within the Abuja metropolis with a view to investigate the penetration ability of magnetic pollutants in the ground. From the obtained data, 3-D surface contour maps were plotted for different depths. The results show a magnetic susceptibility decrease from the surface down the ground to the depth of 30.0cm, most of the recorded susceptibilities were of an anthropogenic origin rather than pedogenic activities. This indicates that the anthropogenic dust depositions are mostly a surface phenomenon and may therefore not pose a risk to groundwater aquifers and near surface wells.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Adsorption efficiency of selected natural and synthetic sorbents
(2016) Pavolová, Henrieta; Bakalár, Tomáš; Sabo, Štefan; Puškárová, Petra
Sorbents are substances binding other substances on their surface. Effective sorbents have a porous surface. The adsorption activity of the surface is closely related to the local radius of curvature of surface irregularities. Suitable sorbents are natural and synthetic solids of amorphous or microcrystalline structure (Kyncl et al. 2008). Globally, the following adsorbents are the most used: activated carbon, zeolites, silica gel, activated alumina (Bakalár et al. 2005). A characteristic of effective adsorbents is large surface area of hundreds of square meters multiply by gram to the power of minus one [m??g??]. Other important features of adsorbents include specific volume, porosity, average pore diameter, pore distribution, etc. Some natural materials or industrial waste with high adsorption capacity, which naturally reduces the overall cost of their disposal, can be used for adsorption of heavy metal cations. Some of low-cost sorbents are: lignin, chitin, seaweed/ algae, zeolites, clays, fly-ash, peat, sand grains coated with iron oxide, modified cotton and wool (Pavolová et al 2006). In experiments of Cu and Zn removal from wastewater the following adsorbents were used (Bakalár et al. 2005): - Lewatit S100, which is strongly acidic, gel-like cationic ion exchange resin with particles of equal size based on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. Monodisperse beads are chemically and osmotically highly stable. - Chitosan, which is prepared from chitin, naturally occurring in the shells of crustaceans, by deacetylation using strongly alkaline solution. Chitin is a homopolymer composed of ?-(1-4)- -N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The ability of crustaceans shells to bind metal ions is assigned to the presence of exoskeleton in the molecule of chitin and chitosan. - Synthetic zeolite, which is included in the group of aluminosilicates, was prepared by zeolitization of fly-ash from energy industry. - Bentonite, which is included in the group of hydrated aluminosilicates, the main ingredient is mineral montmorillonite. - Slovakit, which is an inorganic composite sorbent made from pure natural ingredients. Its composition is a subject of patent protection. The aspect of time, i.e. the time the specific sorbent reaches the maximum adsorption capacity for the heavy metal removed, is also important in removal of Cu2, Zn2+ and Pb2+ cations. The experimental measurements of cations adsorption using the above mentioned sorbents are made at the initial concentration of 10 mg?L ?1 of heavy metal. The time to reach the equilibrium for all sorbent during separation of Cu2+ cations from model solutions of wastewater was about 60 seconds except for chitosan for which it was almost 2 minutes. This is relatively very good result. The equilibrium of Zn2+ cations adsorption at the experimental measurements for all the selected sorbents was reached in about 80 seconds except for chitosan for which this time was 2 minutes 5 seconds. This time was on average around 20 minutes longer compared to the adsorption of Cu2+ ions. The adsorption of Pb2+ cations was carried out at the experimental measurements in about 83 seconds for all the selected sorbents, except for synthetic zeolite for which the time was 1 min 15 seconds. The adsorption of Pb2+ cations compared to the cations of Cu2+ was 23 seconds faster and compared to the cations of Zn2+ was 3 seconds longer. The most appropriate for the removal of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ is Lewatit S100 among the used sorbents, the equilibrium was reached in approximately 35 seconds, 45 seconds, and 83 seconds for Zn2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+, respectively. According to the experimental measurements the longest adsorption time was for chitosan – about 2 minutes for Cu2+ and Zn2+, and about 1.5 minutes for Pb2+.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Age and metamorphic conditions of the Tjeliken garnet – phengite gneiss (Swedish Caledonides) : [abstract]
(2015) Andersson, Barbro
Eroded down to mid-crustal level the Scandinavian Caledonides offer a unique opportunity to study the interior of a mountain chain and provide insight of processes active during orogenesis. The Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) is a key allochthon for understanding the evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides. Several recent studies of the Ordovician metamorphic rocks in the SNC in Jämtland have revealed higher pressures than previously known suggesting a deeper subduction of the Baltoscandian margin (Janák et al. 2013, Klonowska et al. 2014, Majka et al. 2014a, b, Rosén 2014). Geochronological data indicate that the (ultra)-high pressure event occurred at c. 460 Ma (Brueckner & Van Roermund 2007). Together the two data sets may suggest an earlier Scandian subduction and collision than at the moment accepted. Target area for this study is the Tjeliken Mountain in the Blomhöjden – Stor Jougdan area in northern Jämtland. A recent study of the Tjeliken eclogite resulted in increased inferred pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions (Majka et al 2014a). Of particular interest for the area is that there currently are two contrasting tectonic interpretations, locating the Tjeliken Mountain in separate thrust sheets within the Seve Nappe Complex that differs in metamorphic grade (Strömberg et al. 1984; Zachrisson & Sjöstrand 1990). To further unravel the metamorphic evolution of the SNC, P-T conditions for the garnet – phengite gneiss hosting the Tjeliken eclogite is constructed. Also new U-Pb zircon data is presented to further construct the timing of the high-pressure event. Studied samples contain the main mineral assemblage garnet + quartz + phengite + clinozoisite – epidote ± feldspars ± carbonates with accessory zircon + titanite + apatite. Preliminary results from line-step profiles reveal oscillatory zoned garnets with respect to almandine (42–62%) and grossular (29–50%) components. Spessertine and pyrope components are substantially lower, 1.6–8% and 0.8–6% respectively. Spessertine component decreases towards the rim and pyrope component increases. Garnet porphyroblasts are rare and occur as various textural varieties. Of particular interest are the rare but large skeletal garnets, indicating a complex growth pattern. Also the epidote group minerals present in the studied samples show chemical zoning with two or three different zones. Ca component increases from core to rim whereas allanitic component decreases. Epidotes occur both in matrix and as inclusions in garnets. Phengites (Si = 3.1–3.4 a.p.f.u.) and feldspars (anorthite, albite, microcline) are also present both in matrix and in garnets. Albite-anorthite symplectites occur in matrix. Zircon crystals are euhedral. CL images reveal a core-mantle-rim zircon texture. Many cores show oscillatory zoning visible to various degree, whereas rims are plain. Th/U ratios for rims are 0–0.47. Secondary ion mass spectrometry performed by a Cameca 1280 ion microprobe on the rims yields concordant age at c. 460 Ma for high-pressure metamorphism. There are several ways of explanation of the garnet oscillatory zoning. Obtained data might suggest following as causes: (1) chemical reactions 56 between calcium-rich inclusions i.e. epidotes and feldspars during the formation of the garnet consuming the inclusions; (2) competition for calcium (Ca) between coexisting matrix phases; (the chemical zoning of epidote group minerals together with the zoning of garnet suggests that the two phases possibly competed for the Capresent in bulk rock causing the oscillatory zoning); (3) the skeletal garnets indicate a garnet growth path starting at rim and moving inwards during consumption of other phases (the high levels of Ca and corresponding low levels of Fe could be due to consumption of Ca-rich phases during growth); (4) open system behaviour with periodic supply of Ca by fluid. Further analysis is required to establish which process or combination of processes are responsible for the observed garnet zoning. Additional studies are also needed to establish the P-T evolution of the rock. The observed mineralogy indicate (U)HP metamorphic conditions. Phase equilibrium modelling will be performed to further unravel the P-T evolution of the garnet – phengite gneiss. The obtained U-Pb concordia age is in line with Brueckner & Van Roermunds’ (2007) ages for the (U)HP rocks in the area, arguing for a Late Ordovician high-pressure event affecting the Baltoscandian margin.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
AGH University of Science and Technology in three-dimensional web world
(2014) Materek, Karolina; Parkitny, Łukasz; Jabłoński, Mateusz; Lupa, Michał
In recent years, the number of geoportals was constantly increasing all over the world. In Poland, the main reason of growth is implementation of the INSPIRE Directive. The most important goal of creating geoportals is to provide Spatial Data for the Polish Spatial Infrastructure (Głowacki et al. 2005). Theirs architecture is oriented to services and interaction with any user (Akinci & Comert 2008). All technological solutions should give the user the possibility of using data from many sources in one platform (Nowacki & Opach 2009). Most of Geographic Information Systems represents only the view of the 'bird's eye' without giving the possibility of three dimensional viewing of the actual situation on the ground. What you can see is the land surface as an object map or ortophotomap. However, currently a demand of GIS applications designed for fully three-dimensional data is growing. This approach is commonly used for presentation and spatial analysis (Scianna 2013). Thanks to the modern capabilities, ensuring high quality of three-dimensional models is easy (Shioda 2000). Geoportal AGH - Spatial Information System of the AGH University of Science and Technology - was established in order to provide updated data, allowing moving around the campus. This functionality has been ensured by the construction of site (geoportal). The combination of a vector map along with a number of tools allowing searching by attribute makes it possible to search for any building or room available for students' classes. Geoportal AGH will also include data on the news and current events related to the life of the university, for example: repairs of roads, conferences and recruitment. All this is available in a modern, interactive application that was created based on the latest technologies for maximum usability and support for each user. Now in progress is the creation of three-dimensional model of the AGH campus and its implementation on the mentioned above server www.gis. agh.edu.pl becoming its integral part. The work involves the use of data obtained from surveying and external facade images of objects in order to create a model resembling the real and its rendering. Contractors of the grant will be students of the Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering. Substantive support to the project was provided by our partner - ESRI Poland. Through the financial support of the Scientific Society named after Stanisław Staszic we can present our achievements in the international area.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Agregaty halitowe współczesnych śródlądowych zbiorników słonych - reminiscencje z wypraw naukowych PSGS
(2013) Tomassi-Morawiec, Hanna; Czapowski, Grzegorz; Schramm, Michael
In the nearshore parts of recent salt lakes - the Dead Sea (Israel) and the Tuz Lake (Turkey) - during the two PSGS excursions (2006' and 2011') spherical forms of fine-grained halite accumulation were found. These ones from the Dead Sea (few milimetres to few centimetres in diameter) were observed on the nearshore bottom with active bottom currents. The halite 'balls' from Tuz Lake (0.5-0.7 cm in diameter) were observed on the salt crust surface that forms every year in dry season. It seems that crystal aggregates from the Dead Sea are the halite pisoids, formed due to continuous concentration of halite crystals, precipitated from the halite-saturated brines, onto the former fine halite ooids. Such forms became rolled and moved on the nearshore bottom by the bottom currents and storm waving. Salt 'balls' from the Tuz Lake are rather of aeolian origin (halite 'aeolian ooids') and they are the product of aeolian transport of the halite aggregates and crystals on the rough surface of exposed salt crust. The bromine content determined in few 'balls' is similar to that observed in halites originated from marine brines.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Amazonian Dark Earths in the context of pre-Columbian settlements
(2014) Golińska, Beata
Important information about pre-Columbian Amazonian settlement and economy provide Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), black or brown soils characterized by the presence of charcoal in high concentrations, with highly elevated nutrients and organic matter and higher pH level. Usually ADE are related to large concentrations of ceramics, stone artifacts and animal remains. The main factor for the initiation of ADE formation was the long-lasted, fully sedentary pre-Columbian settlement. Its size and a form can be correlated with traces of historical human habitation. Thus, these sites can reflect the social organization of a specific group. Therefore, ADE studies can bring much valuable information concerning pre-Columbian settlement in Amazonia.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Amber cockroaches, wood decomposers, dinosaur dung, clean Mesozoic ground and eusociality
(2014) Vršanský, Peter
Among unresolved enigmas of ancient terrestrial ecosystems functioning, the origin of social life, wood decomposition, provisioning of dinosaur dung and cleanness of Mesozoic ground belong to most important ones (Zherikhin 2002). Sample from dinosaur-aged (125-million-year old) amber of Lebanon provided partial answer for all these questions (Vršanský et al. 2013). An immature individual of the cockroach family Blattulidae was preserved with coprolites partially extruded from the body and containing particles of wood indicating external pre-digestion. Based on distribution curves (obtained using ST) a hypothesised was advanced that source of the wood particles were dinosaur feces. Additionally, identical particles of wood were discovered in dung of Mesozoic dinosaurs and lystrosaurs (Fiorelli et al. 2013, unpublished), supporting the present claims in unrequiring chewing of wood by cockroaches. The presence of processed wood with smooth edges is important in providing evidence for the occurrence of lignolytic endosymbionts in ancient cockroaches, which are transferred only in multigenerational organisation of population structure (e.g. in termites). In contrast to intuition, masses of dinosaur dung did not decay automatically as they contain too much nitrogen (as in birds) and normally would be deposited analogically to guano (high proportion of phosphorus). Nevertheless, after the extraction of nitrogen, dung is further exploited by plants, microorganisms and animal decomposers. This is in sharp contrast to exploitation of mammal dung and its fixed rapid exploiters. Nevertheless, also mammal dung can prevent growth of plants including grasses (see example from present-day Australia, where introduction of dung beetles was necessary - Bornemissza 1960). Huge amounts of dinosaur dung would cover surface and prevent growth of the lowest levels of plants, which would allow the significant erosion. Thus, thanks to an amber cockroach we now know that Mesozoic forests were rather clean due to clean-up services provided by cockroaches (no other dung-provisioning insects are known from the beginning of the Mesozoic).
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analogue modelling of parasitic folds in Grängesberg, Bergslagen, Sweden : abstract
(2012) Eklöf, Sara
The host rocks to the Grängesberg apatite-iron oxide ore boudinage show folds with opposite vergenee on either side of the boudin and a strong Hneation in the necks (Nilsson et al. 2012). This study aims to, by means of analogue modeling, investigate if the competence contrast between the stiff ore bodies and the host rocks could contribute in creating this deformation pattern. The Grängesberg apatite-iron oxide deposit is located in the Bergslagen province, an area in central Sweden that is known for its numerous mineralisations of various kinds. From the 16th century up until 1989, when the largest mine in Grängesberg close due to falling metal prices, the Grängesberg ore field produced 150 Mt iron ore, to be compared with the 420 Mt iron ore that the entire Bergslagen province produced up until 1992. The Bergslagen province is located in the south-western part of the Svekokarehan orogen in the Fennoscandian shield. The dominating rocks were formed at ca. 1.9 Ga in a back-arc setting inboard an active continental margin which were later multiple deformed and metamorphosed (Stephens et al. 2009). The host rocks to the Grängesberg deposit are 1.90-1.87 Ga regionally metamorphosed and locally hydrothermally altered, manifested as felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks rich in phyllosilicates (Jonsson et al. 2011). The ore bodies occurs as NW-trending sheet like boudins with a moderate to steep easterly dip. Both the ore and the host rock have been affected by at least two fold phases (Fl, F2) and show well developed L- and S-structures. Locally, the stretching hneation associated with D2 is strong (Nilsson et al. 2012). The earlier structures have later been refolded by large scale open F3 buckle folds. Close to the ore bodies, the less competent metavolcanic rocks show F2 domical folds with opposite vergenee on either side of the lenses and with a strong hneation at the boudin necks. A granitoid has been thrust over the host rocks near the ore bodies (Nilsson et al. 2012). To investigate if the competence contrast between the ore bodies and the host rock could contribute to the formation of the opposite verging folds and the lineation at the boudin necks seen in Grängesberg, a series of analogue models were run at the Hans Ramberg Tectonic Laboratory at Uppsala University. Analogue modelling is a way to test natural events, but over much shorter time scales. To make analogue models comparable with natural examples, scaling is needed: a faster sequence of events gives room for softer materials to be used as rock analogues. In the Hans Ramberg Tectonic Laboratory, a large centrifuge was used to simulate the force of gravity (Koyi 1997). For this experiment, acrylic glass and modeling clay was used as rock analogues. To mimic the high competence of the ore bodies, a wedge of acrylic glass was used. On the side facing the 'host rock' two elongated convex downwards bulges represented the ore bodies. These convex bulges were separated by a narrow neck zone. The wedge was inclined 60°C to simulate the 50-70°C dip of the ore bodies. As the less competent host rock, plastilina, a soft oil-based clay, was used. Forty 1 mm thick layers of yellow, brown and white plastilina were put together in random order to create a 40 mm thick model. The top most layer was white, and on that a black marker with circles and squares was imprinted. The plastilina was then put in an acrylic glass box with the wedge and run in the centrifuge. During centrifuging, the rigid wedge indented and shortened the plastilina layers. When completed, the model had experienced 800 rpm for a total of 12 minutes, which resulted in 32.5% shortening. After shortening, the surface circles closest to the wedge had deformed into ellipses and the surface squares closest to the wedge had become parallelograms. The long axis of the ellipses and parallelograms showed opposite vergence on the sides of the rigid bulges of the wedge. When cutting sections perpendicular to the shortening direction, the model showed patterns between the two boudins resembling those of stretching lineation. Sectioning the model horizontally revealed S- & Z-folds around the indenting boudins. During centrifuging, the wedge indented the plastilina, resembling the possible deformation during thrusting of the deep granite. These results show that the competence of the ore bodies could be sufficient to create opposite verging folds and stretching lineation between the ore bodies.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis and modeling of petrophysical parameters of the Main Dolomite formation on the basis of well logging and seismic data
(2012) Niepsuj, Magdalena; Krakowska, Paulina
The Main Dolomite is one of the most prospective hydrocarbon reservoir formations in Poland. The goal was to determine the Main Dolomite zonation in selected part of carbonate platform sedimentation area and also to analyze the influence of cementation factor on water saturation by well logging and seismic data integration. Well logging interpretation quantitatively characterized petrophysical parameters. Seismic inversion presented the distribution of the parameters at vertical and horizontal scales. Basic statistical calculations of petrophysical parameters, 2D crossplots and seismic inversion were made. The central part of the Main Dolomite interval indicated the best reservoir properties. High porosity values and low P-wave velocity, low bulk density and low water saturation values were observed in the analyzed zone. Mudlogging confirmed the occurrence of gas. Determination of hydrocarbon saturation in carbonates is a challenge for well logging interpretation and geophysical interpretation. The cementation factor is one of the main coefficients in petrophysics which strongly affect water saturation. Adopting the wrong value of this parameter causes serious error in the coefficient of the water saturation value. In the paper, water saturation was modeled using the Borai equation and Shell formula. By using the computed water saturation and fluid substitution method theoretical velocities of P-waves and S-waves (also P-wave/S-wave velocity ratio) were calculated. Results of the comprehensive interpretation of logs are the basis for lithology determination but P-wave and S-wave velocity can also serve as a source information about lithology. In reservoir rocks VP/VS ratio may also work as a confirmation of gas saturation.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of cross-sectional layers of corrosion using metallographic microscope
(2013) Szala, Barbara; Greiner-Wronowa, Elżbieta; Kwaśniak-Kominek, Monika
The aim of this study was to identify and recognize the phenomena of corrosion between glass-metal connections. Experiments were carried out on historical and contemporary samples treated with corrosion catalysts and the results helped to identify the most corrosive conditions for historic objects. Microscopic observations were carried out on cross-sectional layers of specially prepared samples of enamel on copperplate, corresponding to the chemical composition of historic samples-enamel from Limoges. Subsequently, a series of techniques were implemented improving the quality of the image. A 20-micron thick corrosion layer can be observed and recorded using this method. Observations allowed to determine the quality and technology aspects of the enamel exposed to the processes. The diagnosis of corrosion processes is extremely important in order to determine the application technique of enamel on the metal substrate. Microscopic images therefore revealed the formation of corrosion products. This proved an efficient and effective way to provide information on the thickness, color and structure of the observed layers. Micro-photographs from a metallographic microscope allowed for further planning and the subsequent use of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Raman Spectrometer (RS) - mitigating the need for the analysis of the entire sample's surface. Most corroded places have been identified and the metal proved to be more reactive material. The impact of factors such as: the technique of layering the enamel, structural inclusions, pitting corrosion, temperature and the environment's impact have been clearly linked to the overlap of the corrosion processes.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of lithology and microfacies of the Lower Cretaceous “Urgonian” complex in the Manín Straits section, the Manín Unit (Western Carpathians)
(2015) Fekete, Kamil
A sequence of the Jurassic-Cretaceous beds of the Manín Unit was exposed in the Manín Straits in the area of Middle Váh Valley (Strážovské Vrchy Mts.), east of the Považská Teplá village. Hettangian-Bajocian sandy crinoidal strata are uncovered at the beginning of the section which continues with thick-bedded reddish nodular limestones of Bathonian-Kimmeridgian Czorsztyn Fm (Ammonitico Rosso) with breccias and fragments of planktonic crinoids (Saccocoma sp.) in the basal part. Berriasian strata are probably missing. Upper parts consist of Lower Valanginian light gray Ladce Fm (biancone, maiolica) and Upper Valanginian Mráznica Fm. Section continues with Hauterivian-Lower Barremian Kališčo Fm with cherts. Dominant part of the Manín Straits consists of a typical member of the Manín Unit – organodetrital Lower Cretaceous “Urgonian-type” limestones. In the Manín Unit this complex is divided into organogenic reef to near-reef facies – the Manín Fm and into slope facies of organodetrital limestones, termed the Podhorie Fm by Borza et al. (1987), with lateral replacement of these two to a considerable extent coeval parts of one area of sedimentation (carbonate platform and its slope). Thickness of the “Urgonian limestones” in the Manín Straits attains around 90 m. According to Köhler (1980), only Barremian strata are represented here. The upper part was eroded before Albian. Basal part is represented by mainly gray to light gray massive limestones of the Podhorie Fm (Borza et al. 1987). They represent bioclastic debris derived from central part of the carbonate platform without corals and terrigenous admixture. Limestones of Podhorie Fm are characterized by intrabiopelmicritic/ intrabiopelsparitic texture (intraclast-biogenic-peloid wackestone/ packstone) with fragments of Barremian-Aptian foraminifers (Orbitolina sp., Dorothia sp., Valserina sp., Hedbergella sp.). They gradually pass into light gray organogenic massive fine grained rudist (Praecaprotina sp.,Offneria sp.) limestones of the Manín Fm with fragments of gastropods and benthic foraminifers (Boorová 1991). Texture of lime stones is intrabiosparitic/ intrabiosparruditic with rare presence of peloids (intraclast-rudist grainstone/ rudstone). The Manin Fm is terminated by hardground surface, which is followed by Albian-Cenomanian marlstones of the Butkov Fm with association of rare benthic and current planktonic foraminifers from the beginning of Late Albian Thalmanninella ticinensis ticinensis Zone (Boorová 1991).
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
An analysis of solar energy conversion systems based on photon and thermal processes
(2016) Fieducik, Jolanta; Godlewski, Jan
Solar spectral irradiance covers a fairly broad wavelength range. Solar radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is described by the concept of wave-particle duality. The corpuscular theory of electromagnetic radiation states that energy is transmitted by photons. Photons carry specific amounts of energy which can be used to convert solar energy into other types of energy, in particular electricity. The internal photoelectric effect is important for the conversion of solar energy to electricity because the efficiency of the external photoelectric effect is too low. Every quantum of solar energy also carries a certain amount of energy which can be converted into heat energy. The objective of the paper is to analyze and compare the efficiency of solar energy conversion in photon and thermal processes, to review the technological advances made in this field, and to indicate potential directions for the development of systems converting solar energy to electricity.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of stability levee during different flooding wave stages
(2016) Dwornik, Maciej; Franczyk, Anna; Krawiec, Krzysztof
The stability of levee depends mainly on mechanical and hydromechanical properties of material used for its construction. The structural capacity of a system beyond the expected loads or actual loads is calculated to a variety of different underground structures such as slopes, retaining walls or tunnels. The stability of structure is often expressed by Factor of Stability (FoS) obtained by numerical modeling. In case of the stability analysis of the levee, the flooding process is limited to few scenarios of flooding waves. The first approach of determination of the most significant stages of flooding wave shape can be found in Dwornik et al. (2015). In this paper, the stability of earthen levee for different stages and flooding waves was calculated. Stability of the levee was described using Factor of Safety implemented in Itasca Flac 2D 7.0 software using the strength reduction procedure (Itasca 2011). It is applied by a strength reduction method, which reduces the shear strength of the material to bring the slope to a state of limiting equilibrium. The value of FoS bigger than 1.0 indicate the stable construction, whereas the value less than 1.0 should be interpreted as a possible unstable model (Itasca 2011). Numerical modeling presented in this paper was performed for 17 different schemes of flooding wave. All the schemas were slight modification of the flooding wave considered during the ISMOP project (www.ismop.pl, Mościcki et al. 2014). The analysis was conducted to the flooding wave described by the four stages: water level increasing, durability of the height water level, the pace of water level decreasing and durability of the stage between cycles of successive flooding waves. The increasing of the water level assumed in the numerical modeling varied from 0.1 m to 3.5 m in height. The high water level, assumed as a 3.5 m, was different for the individual scenario. The decreasing water level varied from 3.5 m to 0.1 m preceding the low water level assumed 0.1 m in height. Calculations show that levee is stable for all tested construction stages. The lowest FoS value was obtained after decreasing water level in the reservoir between levees. The slowest pace of decreasing water level was assumed, the higher value of FoS was obtain, which indicated better levee stability.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
An analysis of the chemistry, mineralogy and texture of waste dolomite powder used to identify its potential application in industry
(2015) Gruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka; Wdowin, Magdalena; Kosowski, Tomasz; Klimek, Agnieszka
In this work, characterization of dolomite powder was carried out in order to specify possible industrial applications. After the technological use of dolomite aggregates, the remaining fine powder becomes a waste. Raw and calcined powder samples were subject to mineralogical, textural and chemical studies involving leaching tests. The results of the calcination process indicate that the carbonate minerals present in the material sample undergo complete decomposition to form oxides. After the calcination, the material is practically non-porous, and its surface area is more than five times lower than that of the raw material. However, due to the high content of calcia in the calcined sample (CaO > 45% wt.), the material cannot be used as an additive in cement. The leaching tests showed that the concentration of metals released from the dolomite powder is low enough to classify the material as hazardous waste according to the TCLP test. Moreover, the concentration of metals that can get into the environment does not exceed permissible values as set by Polish law. Thus, it is recommended and justified to carry out detailed tests for the purpose of environmental protection, i.e. wet flue gas desulfurization, heavy metals absorption, and CO2 capture.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of the Neogene Stretava Formation in the selected parts of the East Slovakian Basin
(2015) Ďuriška, Igor
The Lower Sarmatian Stretava Formation consists of clay-, sand- and gravel-sized deposits with volcanoclastics derived from the volcanic Slanské vrchy Mts. In the western margin of the basin, the formation consists of the coarse-grained deposits named as Košice Gravel, deposited in deltaic and inner shelf environment (Karoli et al. 1989). The deltaic sediments were also deposited on the northern margin of the basin, where Laborec and Topľa rivers entered the sea (Janočko et al. 2003). The main aim of the study is to show the geometry of the Lower Sarmatian deposits which can be used for both paleogeographical studies and estimation of the hydrocarbon potential of the formation. A comprehensive approach including connection of vertical seismic analysis, field study of the outcrops and analysis of the well data was used in this study. Presented study was focused on the deposits of the Stretava Formaton in the SE part of the Presov Depression and the central western part of the Trebisov Depression that both are part of the East Slovakian Basin. OUTCROP ANALYSIS The field study was performed in the area of Košice (locality Nad jazerom), located on the western margin of the East Slovakian Basin. The outcrop analysis, which included facies analysis of logged sediments resulted in interpretation of following depositional environments: 1. delta plain, 2. offshore-transition zone, 3. shoreface. The delta plain environment is typical by distributary channels incised into flood-plain deposits. The channel sediments consists of pebble and cobble sized gravel with well developed channel lag facies. The delta plain sediments are represented by silts with thin layers of sand. Sediments of channel levee and crevasse splay sediments were also documented based on their facies association characteristics; the channel levee sediments are typical by coarse sands fining upward into silts and crevasse splay deposits are formed by pebble sized gravel and sands. The transition of the deltaic and shoreface deposits into offshore-transition deposits shows a rapid increase of the accommodation space suggesting both sea level rise and basin floor subsidence. SEISMIC ANALYSIS The Stretava Fm., which is almost extended in the entire basin, can be studied by several seismic profiles. The deposition of the formation started with a regional unconformity related to the new sea transgression observable on several seismic profiles by onlaps (profiles from the Trebišov depression). The profiles also show the changes in the thickness of the deposits in the Prešov and theTrebišov depressions. Two system tracts are visible in the seismic package analysed: the transgressive system tract (TST) and the highstand system tract (HST) with the maximum flooding surface (MFS) between them. These tracts bracket several types of sediment geometries, which are described in more detail in the presentation.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of the situation of the Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system and possible solutions of the devastation of the ecosystem
(2016) Kordić, Matija; Milanković, Miloš
International waters are the most problematic area of water management because there comes to a collision of rights between the riparians, and the most complicated is the problem of trans-boundary rivers (Stevanović 2011). The Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system is the largest water resource in the Western Asia with a topographic catchment of more than 900,000 km? from the Taurus-Zagros Mountain Range to the Persian Gulf and is populated by around 54 million people. The riparians: Turkey, Syria and Iraq have different views on the resources of these rivers. Turkey doesn’t agree with the term “sharing waters”. They see it as inadequate. For them the Euphrates is a trans-boundary river that is under their sovereignty as long as it is within its territory. Iraq and Syria take it as an “international river” that should be treated as a shared entity. According to Turkey the Euphrates and Tigris form a single water basin, but Iraq and Syria consider them as two separate basins (UN-ESCWA and BGR, 2013). Turkey says that in order to reach an agreement on allocation, negotiations should include all available water resources, but Syria and Iraq disagree. At the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Use of International Watercourses Turkey was the only Euphrates Basin country that voted against. If they had signed, that could give riparians a veto right over their development plans. In 1987 Damask and Ankara signed a protocol, which guaranteed 500 m?·s-? of flow volume in the Euphrates River to Syria, which was not respected during the filling of Ataturk Dam in 1990. In 1977 Turkey initiated the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP in original) to harness the water of the Tigris and the Euphrates for energy and agricultural production thus providing an economic boost to south-eastern Anatolia by creating 4 million new jobs. The flow of the river has been cut in half by 2010 on the border with Syria and by 2/3 for Iraq since the development of the GAP project. In Iraq this flow reduction is viewed as a national crisis that will have serious consequences (Issa et al. 2014). The project covers an area of 74,000 km? and is populated by around 7 million people. When completed, there will be 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. The plan is to produce 27,367 GWh of hydroelectric energy per year and to double irrigable farmland to 1.8 million ha (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). Today almost half of GAP has been fulfilled. This led to an increase in salinity and serious changes of the ecosystem and river flow regime. These caused a discord between riparians, NGOs and activists worldwide. International experts think that GAP is going to consume more than 50% of the Euphrates and about 14% of the Tigris. To verify this view, two periods of monitoring were selected. The first period is from 1938–1974 and it represents the natural flow of the Euphrates River before the construction of the Keban Dam in Turkey and Lake Assad in Syria and the second is from 1974–1998 as the first phase of the evolving infrastructure on the Euphratesbasin. The average flow was measured in Jarablat (Syria) and for the first period is around 950 m?·s?? and for the second around 800 m?·s?? , than Hit (Iraq) decreased from 970 m?·s?? to 720 m?·s?? and Hindijah (Iraq) from 630 m?·s?? to 470 m?·s?? (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). We can see a pattern and a decrease in river flow volume by around 150 m?·s-?. Of course, regulation of the Euphrates can protect downstream countries from floods and droughts. The effects of water pollution are mostly visible downstream in Syria because Turkey diverts water from the main course of the Euphrates at Lake Ataturk. The water goes through the Urfa tunnels to the Urfa-Harran agricultural area in the upper Jallab/Balikh and Khabour sub-basins. The return flows from irrigation are large in quantity but poor in quality and they enter Syria mostly through the Jallab River near Tell Abyad and enter the Euphrates through the Balikh River around 200 km from the Syrian-Turkey border. This shows us why the Euphrates water quality has remained almost unaffected by the agricultural development in Turkey on the Syrian-Turkey border. There should come to a conjoined look from the riparians on the rights of the ecosystem and the serious damage that is being done to it and the legal obligations of the riparians between themselves, for the sake of the greater good. This is extremely difficult especially now with the rising political problems between Turkey and Syria. International experts in all fields relevant to this problem should meet and discuss the matter, and enforce laws that will stick and solve the issue. The most important issue should be the environment but we should not look the other way for the needs of the riparians and their development too. So very important would be research and evaluation of the potential of all available resources and their combined usage. There should be a good monitoring network of the underground and surface waters and calculation of the regime, balance and reserves and the amounts of water that is needed by riparians, and determining the connection of overall water flow because of the circulation of pollution. Also, an assessment of geothermal potential of the area and its possible usage considering the North and East Anatolian Fault Zone should be made. For example, for the production of electricity solar or geothermal energy could be used, as well as the energy of the wind and the energy of biomass should be utilised, separately or concurrently. If there are underground waters available, a variety of methods could be used, such as “AGRONET” and drip irrigation technique to decrease the usage of surface waters and their pollution. Polluted waters could be used for energy production by constructing a hydroelectric power plant in the area where polluted waters are flowing and there could also be a water treatment plant erected. Polluted waters should be monitored and diverted into one watercourse, which should be controlled by a hydro-isolator securing the ground beneath and on the sides of this new course.
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
Analysis of the trace fossils from Paleogene formations of the Central Western Carpathian (Orava region)
(2016) Šimo, Vladimir; Starek, Dušan
Up to now only little attention was dedicated to the study of the trace fossils in the development of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin in the Orava region. Occasional trace fossils findings from the Central Carpathian Paleogene formations in the Orava and others regions were referred by Plička (1987). Other specialized works on trace fossils from these formations from the Orava region were not published. Study of trace fossils is strongly influenced by the existence of well exposed outcrops within individual formations. The best exposed outcrops are situated in the basal Borové Formation as well as in the higher parts of Paleogene sequences – mainly in the Zuberec Formation. This preliminary study shows a relatively rich diversity of trace fossils associations across the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin. We present new finds of trace fossils, within which we have classified 7 ichnogenera, 11 ichnospecies and 2 types of trace fossils, which were not closely systematically classified. Many trace fossils identified in the Orava region are typical for some palaeoenvironments, which are characterized by a specific lithology, nature of the substrate, dynamics of the environment, amount of nutrients and stability or fluctuations of oxygen in the bottom waters. The trace fossils assemblages reflect changes of depositional systems during the tectonic and sequence stratigraphic development of the basin. Early Eocene shallow-sea environment of the Borové Formation including the rocky coast, sandy dynamic littoral, transition - al and internal shelf zones are characterized by findings of traces of Entobia, Gastrochaenolites, Nummipera, Ophiomorpha and Skolithos. On the contrary, a significant deepening of the deposition environment during the Oligocene, documented by turbidite sedimentation of Zuberec and Biely Potok formations is characterised by findings of graphoglyptids ( Spirorhaphe, Nereites, Paleodiction, Protopaleodictyon, Megagrapton ) or traces of deposit feeders ( Arthrophycus, Chondrites, Planolites, Phycodes, Scolicia, Zoophycos).
Artykuł
Otwarty dostęp
The analysis of vertical displacements in Upper Silesian Coal Basin area using DInSAR and PSInSAR methods
(2015) Kniotek, Michał; Lupa, Michał; Lisowski, Przemysław
The main goal of this study is an analysis of vertical displacements in Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) using two satellite radar interferometry methods: Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) and Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) (Ferretti et al. 2007). To detect ground deformations using the PSInSAR method many satellite images (even tens) are needed, while using the DInSAR method, a pair of satellite images is needed. Satellite images are provided inter alia by European Space Agency and were obtained between 1990-2001 (PSInSAR) and 1996-2001 (DIn-SAR) by ERS-2 satellite. The USCB is located in south-western Poland and is highly industrialized and densely inhabited region, because of the presence of many active underground stone coal mines. Vertical displacements presented in work are conducted by underground mining exploitation and neotectonic movements. In the main, the DIn-SAR method allows detecting big (a few or several centimeters) and intensive (formed in a few days, 35–140 days) vertical displacements on a big area in the same time. The PSInSAR method in the main allows detecting small and permanent vertical displacements (Leśniak & Porzycka 2008), which are correlated with neotectonic movements. It is note-worthy that results obtained using the PSInSAR method have low coherence in the areas of vertical displacements detected by using the DInSAR method. Big and intensive vertical displacements are not detected while using the PSInSAR method. Only using both methods (DInSAR and PSInSAR) allows generating a complex map of vertical displacements, which is essential for the realization of local zoning plans in the USCB area. Obtained in this work map of vertical displacements is collated with: (1) seismic data from Główny Instytut Geologiczny (GIG), (2) locations of mines in the USCB, (3) borders of coal deposits, (4) tectonics map (Jureczka & Kotas 1995), (5) mining extraction data from Kompania Węglowa S.A.

Przeglądanie

Przeglądanie GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT według tytułu

Wyników na stronę

Opcje sortowania