Browsing by Subject "methane"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 44

Access status: Open Access ,
ALOHA – modern tool for modeling the risks associated with the spread of volatile pollutants in extraction of hydrocarbons
(2016) Kulinič, Vitalij; Maruta, Michał
During the drilling works or exploitation of hydrocarbons working devices such as high-performance engines of drilling equipment and machines are often the main sources of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. At the time of an emergency, eg. gas leakage or eruption in a short time in the atmosphere can get high concentrations of gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide. The Ordinance of the Minister of the environment dated 29 January 2013 determines the basic criterion for risk of H2S assessment in mining companies extracting oil or natural gas, where is possibility – during the eruption of open holes or wells-flow on the surface of the liquid containing hydrogen sulphide, posing a hazard to workers, the mining plant traffic and people staying close to driving traffic mining plant. The paper presents the modelling of the spread gases in the atmosphere during the "normal" operation on drilling rigs and the gas leakage from the damaged pipeline. Was also made an attempt to mark safe points of the evacuation out in the moment of the emergency incident.
Access status: Open Access ,
Analiza numeryczna migracji metanu z warstw spągowych do wyrobiska ścianowego
(2007) Kwaśniewski, Marek Andrzej; Lasek, Stanisław
A two-dimensional numerical model of a large (1000 × 200 m) part of the rock masses in the vicinity of coal seam 349 in longwall panel 802 in region B in the Murcki colliery was built using the distinct element code UDEC. Longwall mining of this seam with roof caving was simulated in the model over a length of 450 m. It was found that migration of methane from coal seams lying beneath the mined seam is possible under conditions where the floor strata deform to a great extent, undergo separation, fracture and break into blocks. It was revealed that the fractured zone in thin floor layers built of weak rocks develops more rapidly than the caving zone over the minedout area and reaches a depth of about 30 m below the seam. The floor strata undergo an intense heave towards the mined-out area. Even at the early stages of mining, the upward movement of the strata exceeded 1.5 m. Under the assumption that (i) methane-bearing strata occur 15.6 m below seam 349 and include seam 350 and the strata lying beneath, and (ii) the methane reservoir pressure is equal to 2 MPa, the direction, pressure, quantity and velocity of the methane flow through cracks developing in the floor strata under the area of seam 349 being mined were investigated.
Access status: Restricted ,
Analiza wyników eksperymentalnych powierzchniowych badań geochemicznych w Miękini k/Krakowa
(Data obrony: 2016-07-01) Góra, Adrianna
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Poniższa praca przedstawia wyniki przeprowadzonych badań dotyczących emisji metanu i dwutlenku węgla na terenie nieczynnego kamieniołomu porfiru w Miękini koło Krakowa. Badania terenowe przeprowadzono przy użyciu metody komór statycznych oraz fluksometru w 20 punktach pomiarowych. Do badań laboratoryjnych pobrano 60 próbek gazowych. Zostały zanalizowane w laboratorium chromatografii gazowej. Wyższe wartości emisji gazów zarejestrowano przy użyciu fluksometru i wynosiły one od -4,72 do 13,39 [$mg/m^{2}/d$] w przypadku metanu oraz od 4788,28 do 25292,55 [$mg/m^{2}/d$] dla dwutlenku węgla. Dla metody komór statycznych stężenia metanu wahały się w granicach od 0,12 do 0,73 [$mg/m^{2}/d$] oraz od -7481,9 do 8900,4 [$mg/m^{2}/d$] w przypadku dwutlenku węgla.
Access status: Restricted ,
Analiza wyników powierzchniowych badań geochemicznych wykonanych w rejonie Lubaczów-Uszkowce (Zapadlisko Przedkarpackie)
(Data obrony: 2012-12-20) Kaźnica, Gabriela
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The paper presents results of surface geochemical surveys carried out in 1995 on the deposit Lubaczów-Uszkowce (Carpathian Foredeep). The stady intended to assess relations between the results surface geochemical survey and subsurface geological model. The aim of this paper was evaluation the possibility of occurrence of subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations. The surveys applied 537 samples of soil gas were conducted along 11 seismic profiles, in which concentrations of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were determined. Received results were graphically presented on plot and they put together against the background of seismic profiles.
Access status: Open Access ,
Analysis of coal structure in the aspect of gas content
(2013) Niezgoda, Tadeusz; Małek, Ewelina; Miedzińska, Danuta
The problem of methane existence in coal beds has been known for many years. It was and still is a danger to coalminers. The aim of the research presented in the paper is to show and assess the porosity structure (especially micro and nanoporosity) in accordance to the dimensions of carbon dioxide particle. The characteristic surface morphology of the sample and the disclosure of carbon porous structure was obtain using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The presented study of the coal microstructure is a part of the coal demethanation method with the use of liquid $CO_{2}$, that was proposed by Military University of Technology. Based on the results of laboratory tests may be noted that the analyzed coal has a granular structure. It is also visible that that the structure is stratified, and there is a lot of cracks and free space between grains, which can accumulated methane in coal structure. The nanoporosity of the coal grains was observed during SEM study. The sizes and shapes of pores are miscellaneous. However the dimension of 62-300 nm allow to draw a conclusion, that the nanopores can contain a few particles of $CH_{4}$ (4 A), which can be released by the $CO_{2}$ particle (2.54 A). Finally, on the base of presented research it can be concluded that the method of coal demethanation with the use of $CO_{2}$ can be economically and ecologically effective, and can increase the miners safety.
Access status: Open Access ,
Apparatus to study volumetric properties of the gas hydrates
(2012) Lorenc, Maciej; Warowny, Witold
A new pVT apparatus was built on Department of Drilling, Oil and Gas at AGH University of Science and Technology, which was sponsored by the Polish Oil and Gas Company. The apparatus was adjusted to measurement of the proprieties of the gas hydrates. On the schematic diagram of this apparatus, methodological solutions of the equipment were compared to different of this kind literature apparatuses. Among others innovatory elements of the present apparatus some of them should be counted: method of the changes of volume or automatic system (arrangement) to taking the sample with supported nafion drying. The first step of the experimental study is desulfurization of the natural, by using process of the hydrates formation in gas mixture.
Access status: Open Access ,
Bases of intensive extraction of coalbed methane after hydrofracturing process
(2006) Vasyuchkov, Ûrij Fedorovič
The report is notificated important question about planning active influence process on the methane-giving back from a coal seam through a borehole to the surface. The gas-giving back surface of the coal seam is introduced in a practice and methane-obtaining index too. The filtrating and time indexes I are discussed in the report. The conclusion from the researching work is done.
Access status: Restricted ,
Biogaz - główne zanieczyszczenia i technologie ich usuwania
(Data obrony: 2017-01-25) Misiak, Tomasz
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Biogaz tworzy się w wyniku beztlenowej fermentacji substancji organicznych. Do celów energetycznych wykorzystuje się biogaz powstający na składowiskach odpadów, w oczyszczalniach ścieków i w biogazowniach rolniczych. Biogaz składa się głównie z metanu, dwutlenku węgla, siarkowodoru, azotu, siloksanów oraz pary wodnej. Oczyszczenie biogazu jest konieczne, aby mógł on być skutecznie wykorzystany energetycznie. Najbardziej niebezpiecznym zanieczyszczeniem jest toksyczny siarkowodór, natomiast dwutlenek węgla, azot i para wodna są niepotrzebnym inertem, który usuwa się w celu zwiększenia wartości opałowej. Siloksany usuwane są ze względu na ich destrukcyjne właściwości wobec ruchomych części silników. Najważniejsze metody usuwania zanieczyszczeń to: metody biologiczne, metody adsorpcji zmiennociśnieniowej PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption), metoda wymywania wodą, adsorpcja na masach zawierających żelazo i metody membranowe.
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Charakterystyka geologiczno-złożowa KWK Krupiński w GZW
(Data obrony: 2010-06-22) Dojnikowska, Anna
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
This M.S. thesis shows geological conditions of laying deposits of KWK Krupiński. The coal field Krupiński which is located in SW part of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB) has been exploiting energy coal type 32.1-33 and coke coal type 34.1-35.2. On the basis of the chemical analysis results released by KWK Krupiński there were carried out technological parameters maps: calorific value (20589 – 33617 kJ/kg), the content of volatile (31,59-42,24%), total sulphur (0,41-1.49%), ash content (3,12 - 56,58%), moisture content (0.43-7,58%), heat of combustion (29324 – 35630 kJ/kg). Released lithostratigraphic profiles from boreholes (Suszec 4, Suszec Old IG-9, Suszec 30, Suszec 31, Suszec 33) were used to perform correlation between orzeskie beds from NW – SE and SW - NE. Industrial resources of coal came to 41632 Mg, industrial resources of methane came to 142,78 million of m3.
Access status: Open Access ,
Doświadczalne metody badań hydratów gazowych
(2011) Lorenc, Maciej; Warowny, Witold
Knowledge of the nature gas hydrates is connected mainly with experimental studies in laboratory and pilot plant and theory supported by calculations and computer simulations. In work have been given methods of measurement dealing with: formation and/or prevention of formation gas hydrates, studies their properties, and utilization in new technologies. Generally, studies of the gas hydrates and hydratation can be divided on several thematic groups: experimental and calculated determination of phase equilibrium, studies of the physicochemical and structural parameters, kinetic measurements, including nucleation, and agglomeration of particles, studies influence of inhibitors and surfactants on the hydratation process, possibility of technological applications, especially hydrate of methane, including getting out, transport, storage and purification, plus geological and geophysical studies carried out in order to estimation methane hydrate deposits. KEYWORDS: hydrate, clathrate, methane, experimental, nucleation, nonstoichiometric, inhibitor, Van der Waals bond, hydrogen bond, crystalline.
Access status: Restricted ,
Eksperymentalne badania migracji metanu i dwutlenku węgla przez ośrodek porowaty i emisji tych gazów do atmosfery
(Data obrony: 2018-01-25) Skiba, Urszula
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Przedmiotem pracy było zbadanie zmienności strumienia emisji metanu i dwutlenku węgla przepływającego przez ośrodek porowaty. Eksperyment przeprowadzono na 8 próbkach mieszaniny metanowo-powietrznej o stężeniach metanu od 1443 ppm do 30850 ppm i jednej próbce dwutlenku węgla o stężeniu 1,5%. Do badań wykorzystano metodę komór statycznych i laboratoryjną instalację modelu ośrodka porowatego. Badania wykazały, że strumień emisji metanu zmienia się proporcjonalnie do tempa przyrostu stężenia i zależy od stężenia metanu w próbce. Największą dynamiką zmian stężeń cechowały się próbki o najwyższej zawartości metanu. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań umożliwiają dokonanie optymalizacji czasu pomiaru strumienia emisji metanu niezależnego od początkowego stężenia.
Access status: Open Access ,
Gases in the near-surface zone of the reclaimed Barycz municipal waste landfill - a case study from southern Poland
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2023) Kopera, Paulina A.; Sechman, Henryk; Twaróg, Anna
The formation of biogas at municipal landfills and the significant emission of greenhouse gases from these facilities into the environment were the main reasons for analyzing the molecular composition of soil gas in the near-surface zone at the reclaimed part of the Barycz municipal waste landfill. The relations between the studied components (methane, carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon components) and impact of the magnitude of recorded concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide on their emission to the atmosphere were evaluated. Two profiles were determined, along which 41 soil and landfill gas samples were taken at 20-meter intervals. At the same time, emissions were measured at each sampling point using a static chamber with a portable fluxometer. Chromatographic analysis showed that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide fluctuated in the ranges: 2.1 ppm – 76 vol% and 0.04 ppm – 11 vol%, respectively. Relatively high concentrations of these gases were determined at many of the measurement points, and this was particularly evident at the A-A’ profile, indicating stronger biochemical processes in this part of the landfill, or lateral migration of methane from the neighbouring stage II of the landfill, where biogas extraction is currently taking place. In addition, significant correlations between methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen were demonstrated, indicating ongoing methane fermentation processes. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the southern part of the A-A’ profile is an optimal place to locate a degassing well from which biogas production could be used. However, the research is only preliminary and, it will be necessary to extend the soil gas tests before the final decision on the location of the well is made. Moreover, it has been shown that the concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide measured at points located outside the landfill were low. This means that generated biogas probably does not migrate beyond the boundaries of reclaimed waste landfill, but this will need to be confirmed by performing additional soil gas tests inside and outside the landfill area. The preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the reclamation carried out was confirmed by the negligible values of the measured methane and carbon dioxide emissions on the surface.
Access status: Open Access ,
Geochemical characteristics of Neogene methane-bearing lignite of the Bełchatów region
(2017) Maruta, Michał; Zakrzewski, Adam
Coal beds could contain various amount of methane. This attribute might be dangerous in shafts or quarrying. Among other things, the works in the coal beds, including drilling, potentially there is a risk of exceeding the methane lower explosive limit. But on the other hand it is a source of unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations. In this paper geochemical characteristic of organic matter of tertiary brown coal from central part of Poland were performed. Geochemical surveys helps to know about genesis of methane from study area. The analysed samples contain various quantity of organic carbon, from 20,74 to 71.93 wt. %. Lignite from examine samples have weak hydrocarbon potential. In tertiary sediments prevails III type of kerogen with admixture of II type of kerogen. The thermal maturity of the tertiary organic matter changes within the interval from 354 to 419 in Tmax scale. Organic matter is immature. The composition of bitumens is different in various part of study area. Elemental analysis confirm that brown coal was comprised mostly by humic-group macerals. Coal samples contain methane with mixed genesis.
Access status: Restricted ,
Geologiczne warunki występowania metanu i jego emisja do atmosfery w KWK „Bogdanka” Lubelski Węgiel Bogdanka S.A., Puchaczów
(Data obrony: 2016-10-28) Osika, Dominika
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
Zachodzące w utworach karbońskich (missisip i pensylwan) procesy uwęglenia materii organicznej sprawiły, że wytworzył i kumulował się metan w powstających złożach węgla kamiennego. W LZW słaby stopień izolacji węgli oraz właściwości węgli, takie jak stopień przeobrażenia czy zdolności sorpcyjne sprawiają, iż złoże było poddawane naturalnej degazacji. Wartości metanonośności nie przekraczają 2,5 m3 CH4/t czystej substancji węglowej, dlatego KWK „Bogdanka” jest zaliczana do kopalni o I stopniu zagrożenia metanowego. Ze względu na niską gazonośność złoża nie obserwuje się podwyższonych zawartości metanu w powietrzu wentylacyjnym. Metan charakteryzujący się dwudziestokrotnie wyższym od dwutlenku węgla wskaźnikiem efektu cieplarnianego, uważany jest za drugi gaz, który najbardziej przyczynia się do efektu cieplarnianego. Emisja metanu z KWK „Bogdanka” notuje się na poziomie zerowym, dlatego zarówno lokalnie jak i globalnie nie wpływa na pogorszenie stanu środowiska, ani pogłębienia efektu cieplarnianego. Niemniej jednak w trosce o środowisko podejmowane są działania, aby utrzymać taką emisję na stałym poziomie.
Access status: Open Access ,
Gospodarcze wykorzystanie metanu z odmetanowania pokładów węgla polskich kopalń węgla kamiennego
(2006) Nawrat, Stanisław; Kuczera, Zbigniew; Łuczak, Rafał; Napieraj, Sebastian; Życzkowski, Piotr
Methane occurs in coal exploitation for the sake of explosion is the biggest threats for mining crew's and for production. In coal mines basic method for reduce methane threats are: - intensive ventilation of excavations, - drainage. Methaneted in Polish coal mines is very high, in year 2004 - 825 m$^3$ $CH_4$, drainage - 250 m$^3$ $CH_4$. Coal bed methane is move by ventilation process from underground to the atmosphere. Methane moved by ventilation process, and drainage in view of lack possibility for full use, cause greenhouse effect unprofitable ecological effect. Methane from drainage can be use as low concentration fuel for heat plant, eg. gas turbine, gas engines, heat boilers. In Poland low concentration methane is use in a lot of plants e.g. Jastrzębie Coal Company, but global economical index is only 53%. Analyse show possibility of use low concentration methane from coal bed drainage, but necessary is take activity in following ranges improvement of use low concentration methane from coal bed drainage (still about 42% methane is send to atmosphere) as fuel for: gas burners carbon boilers, carbon boilers, gas engines for heat and electrical power. Accustoming on industrial scale installation and technology for clean-up of gas from drainage, there be air-methane mixture, from air, that will allow to get fuel about business parameters (96% $CH_4$) for general application in gas installations. Limitation of methane emission from coal bed in mining process by use intensive drainage systems, but indispensable condition is possibility of use low concentration methane as fuel in heat and electrician plants.
Access status: Open Access ,
Komputerowa symulacja stanu naprężenia w sąsiedztwie wyrobiska górniczego z uwzględnieniem przepływu gazu
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2010) Walaszczyk, Jan; Florkowska, Lucyna
One of the natural dangers in coal mining in Poland is methane migration between rock layers. The following paper discusses that issue. The main aim of the paper was to obtain stress distribution around mining excavation area, considering the influence of methane pressure and the process of methane migration through gaps into layers previously without it. In particular, the paper presents a simulation of processes occurring in rock mass during coal exploitation when the migration of methane from lower layers is possible. The issue was solved by numerical modelling, using the Finite Element Method. MES-Abaqus code was used for calculations.
Access status: Open Access ,
Modelowanie numeryczne stanu naprężenia w sąsiedztwie przodka wyrobiska ścianowego z uwzględnieniem obecności metanu
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2011) Florkowska, Lucyna; Walaszczyk, Jan
Knowing the state of stress within rock mass near the exploitation area is a crucial element of planning mining works, especially in areas containing methane, which often happens in case of coal exploitation. One of the solutions to this problem is numerical modeling. This paper presents a method of estimating the changes of the state of stress around long wall exploitation area, based on MES numerical simulation. Mathematical model used here, treating coal as porous compressible medium, considers the presence of methane within rock mass and its flow caused by exploitation. It allows to observe both the changes of the state of stress and of methane porous pressure within rock mass. The results obtained were compared to the results of methane pressure tests available in literature.
Access status: Open Access ,
Monitoring of explosive gases with a portable gas detector Dräger X-am 5600
(2017) Macuda, Jan; Łukańko, Łukasz
During exploration and extraction of hydrocarbon deposits, the risk of elevated methane concentration above the lower explosive limit occurs. In some cases a higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide threatening the health and life of the crew also may be observed. The use of a portable gas detector Dräger X-am 5600 for constant monitoring of methane and hydrogen sulfide concentration in dangerous situations is proposed in the paper. Thanks to the IR sensors and modern electrochemical sensors, this detector allows for monitoring of 6 types of gases simultaneously. The applied infrared sensor IR EX allows for measuring explosive and combustible gases both within the lower explosive limit, and also measuring of methane in the range of 0 to 100 vol.%. The measured values are stored in the computer and also sent to the central through GSM.
Access status: Restricted ,
Możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych w problematyce pozyskiwania metanu z pokładów węgla i sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla
(Data obrony: 2011-12-13) Pilch, Jolanta
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
This thesis consists of two parts. First, reviews the present state of application of geophysical methods to primary recovery of coalbed methane (CBM) and secondary recovery by an enhancement with carbon dioxide injection (CO2-ECBM). It appears that seismic, electromagnetic and gravity methods are the most useful and promising in this field of interest. Second, comprises analysis and interpretation of results obtained in simultaneous laboratory measurements of acoustic emission and expansion induced in bituminous coal by sorption of CO2, CH4 and their mixture. Distribution of measured parameters showed influence of type of sorbate used in particular tests. Remarkable similarities in strain and acoustic emission plots confirmed the link between the origins of these two phenomena.
Access status: Restricted ,
Ocena emisji gazów wysypiskowych na terenie zrekultywowanego i czynnego wysypiska odpadów komunalnych dla gminy Sucha Beskidzka
(Data obrony: 2013-10-28) Cul, Maria
Wydział Geologii, Geofizyki i Ochrony Środowiska
The main aim of the thesis is evaluation of biogas emmision from reclaimed and active community waste dump in Sucha Beskidzka. 47 gas samples from various depths were taken as part of the thesis. These samples were analized using gas chromatography. The percentage of methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen was estimated. The results were listed according to depth, time and location of sampling points. The biogas formation and composition was showed in the thesis. Both of the community waste dumps in Sucha Beskidzka were also characterized. Additionally, the monitoring results were taken into account during analysis.