Artykuły (CN-inżynieria)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repo.agh.edu.pl/handle/AGH/102842

Artykuły czasopisma Inżynieria Środowiska

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Access status: Open Access ,
Wpływ zanieczyszczenia gleby różnymi związkami rtęci na aktywność mikrobiologiczną gleby
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Florencka, Natalia; Chmiel, Maria
Presented paper concern studies on influence of soil contamination by mercury compounds $(HgCt_{2}$ $HgO$, $Hg(NO_{3})_{2})$ in five different doses (0,1. 0,5. 1,0. 5,0. 10,0 mg/kg) on number of vegetative and resting stages of mesophilic bacteria, Azotobacter genus, the number of Actinomycetes and microfungi. The results of laboratory investigations displayed the mean reduction of vegetative stages of mesophilic bacteria on sites with mercury oxide $(HgO)$ already in lowest dose - 0,1 mg/kg and the Actinomycetes number on sites with doses over 0,5 mg/kg $Hg(NO_{3})_{2}$. $HgCl_{2}$ (corrosive sublimate) was the most toxic compound to Azotobacter sp. Filamentous fungi were the most resistant group of soil microorganisms.
Access status: Open Access ,
Emisja zanieczyszczeń z procesu grafityzacji elektrod węglowych w piecach LWG (Castnera). Część 1. Wybrane substancje gazowe
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Mazur, Marian ; Oleniacz, Robert ; Bogacki, Marek ; Szczygłowski, Przemysław
In the paper the results of measurements of quantity pollutants originated and emitted to air from resistor stoves of type LWG (Castner) were introduced. The investigation was carried out during graphite process of coal electrodes, until moment of end of ventilation the stove across applied installations of cleaning of cool gases (catalytic burning and the wet desulphurization). The measurement results of $CO$, $CO_{2}$, $HC+H_{2}$, $SO_{2}$, $H_{2}S$, $CS_{2}$, $NO$, $NO_{2}$, $NH_{3}$ as well as chosen hydrocarbons $(C_{1}-C_{6})$ and aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX) were presented. In result of conducted investigations was qualified courses of changeability of concentrations in gases these substances before and for the cleaning system. The effectiveness of the substance removing from exhaust gases was estimated as well as range of occurrence of their maximum release. The additional investigations of catalytic burning showed, that this process causes the formation of the additional quantities of benzene.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zastosowanie algorytmów interpolacji i sztucznych sieci neuronowych do wyznaczania charakterystyki zawartości chromu w glebach
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Gruszczyński, Stanisław ; Urbański, Krzysztof
Various ways of approach, to determine the horizontal distribution trend (tendency) of Chromium (Cr) in soil, where is high pollution by this element are analysed. Polynominal regression algorithms (I, II, III degree polynominals), interpolation algorithms (TIN, Kriging, RST), and also artificial neural networks (MLP, CANFIS, RBF, GRNN, PNN, MDN) are applied. Data from field experiments, carried out in the area of Chemical Plant in Alwernia were used. The differences between several ways of approach are presented in a graphical form, and also in some remainders distribution statistics. The soil pollution spatial distribution examinations lead to following conclusion, that in the first place is the information precision determination, and also the limit of error, through the pollution evaluation acceptance, whereas in the second place is the indication or standing out the regularity connected with the imission effect mechanism. It seems that the chromium concentration in soils variation, noticed even on short distances, makes it difficult the acceptance of interpolation method, as a method of contamination distribution evaluation. On the other hand the considerable nonlinearity makes difficult the acceptance of regression model. In these circumstances, the possibility which is worth consideration, is the modelling with the application of neuron networks, that is also hybrid solution application (for instance MDN), which gives the possibility of Cr concentration in soils variation deeper analysis.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zanieczyszczenie środowiska gruntowo-wodnego wielopierścieniowymi węglowodorami aromatycznymi w rejonie rafinerii
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Macuda, Jan; Solecki, Tadeusz
Oil refineries belong to industrial plants frequently polluting the ground-water environment with a variety of hydrocarbons. Ground and water contamination may be caused by leakages in the production installments and also during oil and oil-products storing. One of the most toxic ones are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, produced in considerable quantities in the course of oil and crude oils processing. The quantitative state of the ground-water environment with respect to the polycyclic aromatics near one of the Polish oil refineries has been analyzed in this paper. Basing on the comparison of geochemical and hydrochemical results with threshold environmental standards, a conclusion was drawn that both grounds and underground waters are contaminated with polycyclic aromatics above the admissible values, qualifying them for remediation procedures to be applied.
Access status: Open Access ,
Geosozologiczne skutki likwidacji kopalń siarki w rejonie Tarnobrzega
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Gołda, Tadeusz; Haładus, Andrzej; Kulma, Ryszard
The water conditions prognosis within the area of mines put to closure of Tarnobrzeg Sulphur Basin, elaborated on the basis of hydrogeological model results, show the possibility of occurrence the negative changes in ground-water environment, after eliminating the existing drainage systems. Within the surroundings of »Jeziorko« and »Piaseczno« mines, the water conditions engineering is of basie importance, for further direction of post-mining land development. The paper presents the evidence of the influence of reconstructed ground-water level over the soil productiveness, the size of damages and main threats removal of which needs to carry out special detailed land melioration.
Access status: Open Access ,
Symptomy rozwoju procesu glebotwórczego pod młodymi zalesieniami rekultywacyjnymi na spągu wyrobiska Kopalni Piasku »Szczakowa«
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Kowalik, Stanisław; Wójcik, Jerzy
On the reclaimed floor of the old working of the Sand Mine »Szczakowa« the studies on chemical properties of soils under 10 years old larch (Larix europaea) and pine (Pinus silvestris) forest were carried out. Similar symptoms of the differentiation of the morphological picture of both initial soils (made of loose sand) were detected. Both under larch and pine about 1-cm thick layer of overburden humus were found as well as a very weakly marked initial humus level. Close to surface mineral layer (0-10 cm) of both soils were characterized with much higher than other content of organic C and N total. To the depth of 30 cm also big acidification of ground was found, compared to the initial state and at present, compared to deeper layers. Both soils are characterized by very Iow content of nutrients, small capacity of sorption complex, with a Iow degree of saturation with alkali. Despite very unfavourable properties of ground both larch and pine have high growth rate, which indicates a significant role of shallowly situated (0.7-0.9 m) layer of ground water.
Access status: Open Access ,
Emisja zanieczyszczeń ze spalania odpadów podestylacyjnych z produkcji witaminy C w piecu fluidalnym
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Oleniacz, Robert
In the paper some results of continuous or periodical measurements of selected air pollutant concentrations and mass streams in the flue gases from liquid waste incineration in a fluidized bed incinerator were presented. During the researches distillation tails from vitamin C production, that is waste traces from regeneration such solvents as for example ethylene chloride, chloroform or trichloroethylene were incinerated. As a result of the researches there was determined optimal temperature of the fluidized bad in which the waste incineration should be carried out to minimization of CO and $NO_{x}$ formation. Required effectiveness of HCl removal from combustion gases to comply with the emission limit values was presented as well. Applied in the installation alkaline fluidized absorbers working on the parallel arrangement were not sufficient to achieve it.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zanieczyszczenie chromem Jeziora Rożnowskiego
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Helios-Rybicka, Edeltrauda; Kuźniakowska, Magdalena; Gruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka
Roznowskie Lake is the reservoir of the accumulative contaminants, which are dumped into the waters of Dunajec and Poprad River. The aim of the researches was to define the level of contamination with chromium sediments and water in the Roznowskie Lake. This element was chosen for investigation, due to great spread of tannery works on this area of the river basin, that can be the source of the chromium. From the whole area of the lake it was taken 42 bottom sediment samples and 42 water samples with the suspended matter. Laboratory analyses showed, that there is very Iow concentration of the chromium in water and also in bottom sediments and suspended matter. Comparing the results with actual (valid) Polish Law connected with (related to) drinking waters, it can be said that with contamination of Cr, waters from Roznowskie Lake, belong to first class of cleanness. Sediments output by the processes of desludging of the water reservoirs, can be used for recultivation of soils, while the concentration of the Cr in none of the sediment samples overpass the permissible level of 200 mg/kg dry mass. Polish Legal Acts do not take under consideration defining the contamination level of pollutants in the suspended matter. According to German LAWA classification, constituents of the Roznowskie Lake with contamination of Cr, belong to the first class of cleanness (non polluted).
Access status: Open Access ,
Wpływ powodzi z 1997 roku na rozprzestrzenienie metali ciężkich w środowisku wód potoku Malinówka, w rejonie wysypiska odpadów komunalnych w Baryczy koło Krakowa
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Wardas-Lasoń, Marta; Budek, Leokadia; Kijas, Agnieszka; Rembalska, Romana
The presented paper contains the results of the study of water environment of Malinówka River in which catchment the municipal waste disposal site has been located. The subject of investigation was the distribution of heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn between water and bottom sediments. The interpretation of that distribution has been done on the base of physicochemical characteristics of water determined as pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and concentration of anions: $F^{-}$, $Cl^{-}$, $NO_{3}^{-}$, $SO_{4}^{2-}$ and $PO_{4}^{3-}$. It was found that the substandard concentrations show in water Pb, Cu and all anions. Concentration of Zn, Cd, Cr as well as pH are as high as those in water of the lst or 2nd class of purity. Concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd in river sediments quality them as Iow contaminated sediments (1st class) while Cu and Cr concentration as intermediate contaminated sediments (2nd class). The results obtained were compared with those determined before the flood of 1997. It appeared that as a result of flood: increased pH and EC, considerably increased salinity, decreased heavy metal concentrations in both water and water sediments.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zastosowanie modelu Calmet/Calpuff do obliczeń poziomu stężeń zanieczyszczeń pochodzących z wysokich emitorów punktowych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Szczygłowski, Przemysław; Mazur, Marian
The presented research material is the attempt of application Calmet/ Calpuff model to calculating pollutant concentration from high point sources. In the paper Gauss puff model was generally described. There was also calculated dispersion of air pollutant $(SO_{2})$ in atmosphere from source with constant and variable emissions.
Access status: Open Access ,
Teledetekcyjny monitoring środowiska
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Dworak, Tadeusz Zbigniew; Bonikowska, Maria
The paper presents some suggestions of an applictaion of remote sensing methods for the monitoring of envirnonment (natural and antropogenic). It contains also a short historical introduction to the problem of monitoring. As next it have been listed fundamental remote sensing methods (passive and active). Moreover, it is described principial differences between an in situ and remote sensing monitoring supported by the GPS and GIS technics. The neccesity of an application of complementar monitoring systems for more precise interpretation of obtained results of observations and measurements of environmental components is taken into consideration. Three fundamental, substantial components of environment have been defined such as: atmosphere, hydrosphere and litosphere together with biosphere. For the need of the remote sensing monitoring - especially for aerial photographs, satellite images and radiometrie observations - an idea of morfostructures of antropogenic and natural ecosystems have been introduced. The importance of using remote sensing methods in the environmental monitoring according to the accession of Poland to the European Union, at most was emphasized.
Access status: Open Access ,
Monitoring and quality assessment of selected physical and chemical parameters of the Sola River system, South Poland
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Helios-Rybicka, Edeltrauda; Hołda, Agnieszka; Jarosz, Elżbieta
The purpose of the research carried in winter 2001 and spring 2002 was to monitor and assess the quality of the Sola River system. Representative samples of river water, suspended matter and bottom sediments were taken from 10 sampling points located along the Sola River course, and additional 2 before and after Sola River outlet to the Vistula River. Physical parameters (pH, temp., $O_{2}$, conductivity) of the river water were determined directly in the field. The spatial variability in concentrations of elements in the Sola River system was established using ICP-MS, AAS as well as IC, and further the pollutants were compared to national and international quality standards. With respect to physico-chemical parameters the Sola River shows good quality meeting the lst to 3rd Polish Surface Water Quality Class. The detected levels of metal concentrations in suspended matter were found to exceed the geochemical background values. Metal concentrations were found to be much higher than in the river water and with respect to LAWA classification system relatively highest pollution was found with Cd, Zn. Metal concentrations ranged (in mg/kg): Pb 19.4-124, Zn 343-1725, Cd 0.86-5.78, Tl 0.087-0.568, Cr 68.3-176, Ni 52.5-67.2, As 9.44-32.1, and Fe 22815-54007. Content of metals in bottom sediments revealed lower concentration level in comparison with suspended matter indicating uncontaminated to moderately contaminated conditions with respect to the Igeo classification system. A leaching test was performed to established the mobility and bioavailability of investigated metals in both suspended matter and bottom sediment samples. Obtained results indicate Iow metal mobility upon acidic leaching conditions. Nickel was found to be the most mobile metal in suspended matter (97% released), whereas in bottom sediment Pb (58% released) appeared to be the most bioavailable. Results obtained lead to formulation of the following conclusions and further recommendations for national chemical monitoring in Poland: (1) metal concentrations in the Sola River did not exceed the values of the lst Polish Surface Water Quality Class, (2) pollutant content did not reveal significant seasonal variations, therefore chemical monitoring conducted twice a year is sufficient, (3) chemical monitoring of suspended matter should be included in the Polish National Monitoring System on the routine basis, additional arguments are: easy sampling, better homogeneity of material and less time consuming laboratory procedure.
Access status: Open Access ,
System gospodarowania olejami odpadowymi na terenie województwa podkarpackiego
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Przewoźnik, Dorota; Grzesik, Katarzyna
The current situation in waste oil management system in Podkarpacki region was presented in the article. The volume of produced waste oils along with perspective future figures till the year 2014 were taken into account. The collection system of waste oils as well as the technology of oil recycling were described in detail. Consortium of Waste Oils is one of the most resiliently functioning Polish organizations in respect of a collection and recycling of used oils. This organization was established on the basis of Jedlicze Refinery (Podkarpacki region). The Consortium elaborated a concept of nationwide integrated network of collection and recycling of waste oils. This concept assumes a cooperation with local authorities. A collection of oils from dispersed and small sources can be implemented on the level of gmina (lowest level of local authority in Poland) in so-called Hazardous Waste Collection Points. Oil Refinery in Jedlicze operates an installation designed for initial refining and distilling waste oils. Collected oils are subject of refining through decantation process followed by distilling. Re-refining process is the next step of oil recycling. A modern process of waste oils recycling, complying with obligatory procedures of waste treatment is applied in Jedlicze Refinery. Recycling of waste oils results in many benefits - ecological, energetic, economic and fuel ones.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zastosowanie spektroskopii w bliskiej podczerwieni (NIR) do oznaczania zawartości C, N, S, P i kationów metali w materii organicznej gleb leśnych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Chodak, Marcin
Fast and cost-effective analytical methods may be required in land-scape-scaled soil research. The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure total contents of C, N, P, S, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in organic layers of forest soils. The forest floor samples (n = 158) were analysed for contents of the considered elements using standard methods. The speetra were recorded in Vis-Nir region (400-2500 nm). A half of the sample population was used to develop calibration equations and a second half was used for validation. NIRS predicted well the contents of C, N, S, Na, K, Fe, Al and Pb - the regression coefficients a of a linear regression (measured against predicted values) ranged from 0.89 to 1.05 and the correlation coefficients r from 0.88 to 0.97. The contents of Ca, Cu and Cd were predicted satisfactorily (r = 0.81-0.85, a = 1.09-1.13). NIRS failed to predict the contents of P, Mg and Zn (r = 0.69-0.78, a = 0.67-1.19). This failure was probably due to restricted number of samples used for calibration (P) or due to the presence of the samples from limed forest stands. The presented results indicate usefulness of NIRS to measure contents of several elements in forest floors in land-scape-scaled monitoring.
Access status: Open Access ,
Zastosowanie modeli sieci neuronowych w ocenie i prognozowaniu jakości powietrza
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2005) Łozowicka-Stupnicka, Teresa; Talarczyk, Monika
The paper deals on the air pollution assessment and forecasting method based on artificial neural network. For solving the problem the four-layer, feed-forward neural network is proposed. The method has good properties of generalisation and high speed of operation. In this aspect artificial neural network can be regarded as good instrument for prediction of smog state. The chosen type of the network seems to be the promised tool for assessment and forecasting of states, which influence people health and the surrounded environment.
Access status: Open Access ,
Kształtowanie się wybranych właściwości inicjalnej gleby na zrekultywowanej w kierunku leśnym hałdzie górnictwa miedzi
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2006) Wójcik, Jerzy ; Kowalik, Stanisław
Basic task of the biological stage of forest-directed reclamation of post-mining soilless areas is to speed up the growth of introduced plantations and stimulate soil-forming processes. During the reclamation, through technical and biological procedures the properties of initial soils are formed. Such properties have crucial influence on the value of the restored forest ecosystems. The goal of the carried out studies was to define the influence of four tree species on the properties of the initial soil, 8 years after the forestation of the waste heap of sterile rocks from the copper mining. In the paper the results referring to the accumulation of organic matter, organic carbon and nitrogen were presented as well as the selected physical and chemical properties of the studied initial soil. The obtained results indicate dynamic course of soil processes on the studied waste heap. This can be proved by the formation of characteristic for initial forest levels of accumulation already containing significant quantities of nitrogen-rich organic matter. In the layer 0-10 cm, the trend of favourable changes has appeared. This includes volume density, pH reaction and the content of nutrients. At the present stage of the development of initial soil the influence of the species composition of the forests could only be clearly seen in the accumulation of the organic matter and nitrogen.
Access status: Open Access ,
Emisja zanieczyszczeń z pieca Achesona do grafityzacji wyrobów drobnych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2006) Mazur, Marian ; Oleniacz, Robert ; Bogacki, Marek ; Szczygłowski, Przemysław
In the paper research results of the air pollutant emissions from the graphitising process of fine products in the electric resistance Acheson furnace (discharge capacity 5,5 Mg) were presented. Research was performed for two kinds of raw material inputs (based on petroleum coke and pitch coke). Approximately 40-hours measurement series were carried out for each material including mainly such substances like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylenes, total dust, tar substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Both average and maximum concentrations and mass streams in the flue gases and average emission factors were presented for the substances.
Access status: Open Access ,
Pionowy rozkład zawartości rtęci w wybranych profilach glebowych w rejonie Alwernii
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2006) Florencka, Natalia; Wojtanowicz, Piotr
In the article the studies referring to the definition of vertical distribution of mercury content in selected soil profiles were presented. Places of sampling were situated within the grounds used as meadows and forests in the vicinity of Chemical Plant »Alwernia« S.A. The concentration of mercury in the studied profiles was low and did not exceed 0.25 mg/kg. The decrease of the concentration with depth was observed both in meadows and forests. Maximum contents of mercury were observed in the layer of litter or in humus up to the depth of 5 cm. The correlation between the content of mercury and the quantity of organic substance was found, which confirms strong binding of this element in the organic or mineral-organic level.
Access status: Open Access ,
Wykorzystanie rdzeniowych próbek betonu do badania korozyjnej degradacji żelbetowych kominów przemysłowych
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2006) Barycz, Stanisław; Oruba, Rajmund
Structures of industrial chimneys corroded in the result of long operating. Application of concrete core samples to investigations of corrosive degradation of high reinforced concrete chimneys was presented in the paper. It is the most reliable method to evaluation of technical condition of this objects. Principles of designation of testing places and procedures of sampling by use boring machine with diamond bit were described on the base of many years practice. Physical, chemical and strength laboratory tests of concrete samples were given. Results of this tests makes possibilities for structural analysis and operational safety evaluation of reinforced concrete chimneys.
Access status: Open Access ,
Wprowadzenie do oceny cyklu życia (LCA) - nowej techniki w ochronie środowiska
(Wydawnictwa AGH, 2006) Grzesik, Katarzyna
The aim of Life Cycle Assessment is studying the environmental impacts associated with a product, throughout the whole product's life, »from cradle to grave«, including raw material acquisition, raw material treatment, production process, transportation, distribution, usage, reuse, recycling, and ultimate waste disposal. LCA technique includes 4 phases, which are described in detail in this paper. These phases are: definition of goal and scope, life cycle inventory analysis of inputs and outputs (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and interpretation of analysis results in reference to goal of the study. LCA involves complex interactions between product (service) and the environment. The study should address the potential impact to human health, resource depletion and ecosystem health. The purpose of LCA is identifying the product or process, which is the least harmful to the environment, setting the priorities in product development and identifying the transfer of environmental impact from one media to another. The strategy of implementing in Poland the Integrated Product Policy was amended in February 2005. This strategy concentrates on minimizing the environmental impact of products in all phases of theirs life. This aim should be based on knowledge, delivered by widely and systematically used the life cycle assessment.