Magdziarz, Aneta
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inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka
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Item type:Presentation, Access status: Open Access , Marine plastic waste management according to circular economy concept through the interdisciplinary and international cooperationMagdziarz, Aneta; Wang, Jiawei; Wu, Chunfei; Sullivan, James; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejGlobal plastic production is currently at a rate of 200,000 tonnes per year, and it is projected to increase to 33 billion tonnes per year by 2050. Approximately 10% of the plastic produced ends up in the seas and oceans. Plastic pollution in marine and coastal environments is a growing concern worldwide. Sources of this waste include shipping transportation, coastal tourism, marine aquaculture, and fishing. It is estimated that at least 14 million tonnes of plastic enter the oceans and seas annually. Furthermore, beach litter, which often consists of plastic packaging, lids, bottles, and cigarette butts, poses significant challenges. The G20 countries signed an Action Plan on Marine Litter in Germany in 2017, recognizing the urgent need to prevent and reduce marine litter to preserve human health as well as marine and coastal ecosystems. This highlights the need to reduce the amount of plastic waste in the sea, ocean, and coasts and find solutions to manage the existing waste. Proper management of marine waste can help stop the flow of waste in line with a closed-loop economy. Reducing and stopping plastic waste from reaching the oceans is crucial for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The CUPOLA project is the international, interdisciplinary, and intersectoral research and innovation project aiming to find solutions to this global problem. The main goal of the CUPOLA project is to establish long-term research cooperation between institutions with complementary expertise to design and develop carbon-neutral, scalable, and socially acceptable methods to sort and convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals and materials. The originality of CUPOLA lies in the collaborative network among experimentalists, theoreticians, and industrialists. Key technologies in the project include waste sorting and pre-treatment methods. Novel pneumatic systems are developed for the separation of waste plastics, effectively separating the plastic waste into PET-rich, PO-rich, and PA-rich streams. The successful separation of plastic waste is crucial for the subsequent mechanical and chemical recycling processes. Thermochemical processes such as catalytic pyrolysis, catalytic gasification, aminolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization are applied to convert feedstocks into valuable chemicals and materials. For instance, the PET-rich stream will be transformed into bitumen additives through aminolysis, while the polyolefin-rich stream will be converted to benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) via catalytic pyrolysis, and to H2 and carbon nanotubes through catalytic gasification. The project will involve process modeling, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle assessment to provide essential information about the economic viability and environmental impact of these processes. Additionally, renewable energy sources and carbon capture technologies will be integrated into the final design of the CUPOLA processes to ensure carbon neutrality. This project has the potential to bring together a wide range of research and industry groups in chemistry, chemical engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, environmental science, and computer science to collaborate on the recycling of marine plastic waste. The success of the project will contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 12, and 14 by reducing plastic pollution in the oceans and converting waste into value-added products.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Biomass thermochemical conversion via pyrolysis with integrated CO2 capture(2020) Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Gao, Ningbo; Quan, Cui; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe presented work is focused on biomass thermochemical conversion with integrated $CO_{2}$ capture. The main aim of this study was the in-depth investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) and $CaO$ sorbent addition on the chemical and physical properties of obtained char and syngas. Under the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, the properties of biomass chars were gradually changed, and this was confirmed by examination using thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry methods. The chars were characterised by a noticeable carbon content (two times at 700 °C) resulting in a lower O/C ratio. The calculated combustion indexes indicated the better combustible properties of chars. In addition, structural morphology changes were observed. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in changes of solid products; the differences of char properties were not significant in the range of 500 to 700 °C. Syngas was analysed using a gas chromatograph. The following main components were identified: $CO$, $CO_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $H_{2}$ and $C_{2}H_{4}$, $C_{2}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{8}$. A significant impact of $CaO$ on $CO_{2}$ adsorption was found. The concentration of $CO_{2}$ in syngas decreased with increased temperature, and the highest decrease occurred in the presence of $CaO$ from above 60% to below 30% at 600 °C.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Benefits from co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel for biofuels production: experimental investigations(2024) Magdziarz, Aneta; Jerzak, Wojciech; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Sieradzka, Małgorzata
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe application of renewable fuels and waste for energy production is crucial environmentally and economically. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising pathway for valuable products that combine various benefits including enhanced energy recovery, waste valorisation, improved product quality, and environmental sustainability. Consideration of specific feedstocks and optimization of process parameters are necessary to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the co-pyrolysis process. This work presents investigations of the co-pyrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (rye straw and agriculture grass) and RDF. These biomasses ensure efficient decomposition. The RDF, high in carbon (78.5 %) and hydrogen (11.8 %), was predominantly plastic based. Based on Py-GC-MS studies at 600°C, it was observed that the addition of RDF to biomass caused a significant decrease in the share of organic oxygen compounds among the released decomposition products. Laboratory tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor for raw biomass and RDF and 1:1 and 3:1 biomass to RDF mass ratio. The results demonstrated that the yield of char production decreased with the addition of RDF, which promoted the bio-oil yield. Despite, RDF pyrolysis meets problems, it was proved that co-pyrolysis of biomass and RDF is a good solution for their utilization.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Effect of pretreatment biomass by gas from polyvinyl chloride dehydrochlorination process on maize cob pyrolysis with integrated CO2 capture(2025) Jerzak, Wojciech; Kalemba-Rec, Izabela; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis study investigates the effects of pretreatment of maize cob with hydrogen chloride gas obtained from polyvinyl chloride dehydrochlorination on pyrolysis yields and integrated CO₂ capture. The dehydrochlorination process was conducted at 320 °C, while the pyrolysis of the pretreated biomass was performed at 500 °C. Pretreatment significantly altered composition of biomass, reducing hemicellulose from 34.3 % to 3.7 %, increasing fixed carbon from 15.8 % to 20.3 %, and increasing the chlorine content from 0.27 % to 1.48 %. These changes influenced on the thermal decomposition characteristics of maize cob. During fast pyrolysis, the bio–oil yield increased by 17 %, from 32.9 % to 38.4 %, while gas production decreased from 38.7 % to 30.3 %, indicating a shift towards liquid biofuel production. Integration of calcium hydroxide in the pyrolysis reactor reduced CO₂ emissions by 87 %, from 56.5 % to 7.5 %, and captured chlorine from the pyrolysis gases, minimising harmful residues. Additionally, the use of calcium hydroxide facilitated the generation of hydrogen, increasing its content to 44.7 % in the gas phase. The bio–oil produced contained 0.8 % chlorine, demonstrating the effectiveness of in–situ chlorine capture. This approach, utilising hydrogen chloride derived from polyvinyl chloride waste, not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances the efficiency and sustainability of bio–oil production.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Potential of products from high-temperature pyrolysis of biomass and refuse-derived fuel pellets(2024) Jerzak, Wojciech; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Gao, Ningbo; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe management of energy contained in waste is an important research topic. Among many high-energy wastes, pellets are produced from refuse-derived fuels (RDF) and lignocellulosic biomass. This study investigated hightemperature pyrolysis (800 °C) of biomass and RDF pellets. Experiments were conducted in two reactors: i) on a microscale (thermogravimetric analysis) and ii) on a laboratory scale (fixed-bed reactor) to investigate the yields of the products (char, liquid fraction, and gas) and to characterise products toward their further application. The RDF char contained less carbon than the material before pyrolysis. The carbon content of the biomass char was 90%, almost twice that of the raw material. The biomass and RDF chars were chemically and physically activated to increase their specific surface areas. The chemically activated biomass char had a sorption capacity of 156.2 mg/CO2 at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. The kinetics of CO2 sorption were also examined, and the maximum uptake was observed after 2–3 min. The higher heating value of the liquid phase, including the organic condensed phase, was 28.6 and 25.8 MJ/kg for pyrolysis of biomass and RDF pellets, respectively. The pyrolysis gas composition was analysed separately for the heating and isothermal processes. Due to the high CO, CH4, and H2 contents, the gas from the heating stage was characterised by a much higher heating value.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Valorisation of tyre waste from a vulcanisation plant by catalytic pyrolysis – Experimental investigations using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor(2024) Jerzak, Wojciech; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis study focuses on the use of car tyre waste collected at a tyre repair station in Krakow (Poland). Waste from damaged tyres is disposed of as municipal solid waste. Therefore, the management of waste tyres already shredded by pyrolysis at 500 °C has been proposed. Tyre waste was hypothesised to be converted into valuable chemical products by pyrolysis in a hybrid reactor (drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor). On a micro scale, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyse the pyrolysis process. It has been shown that the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis clearly depends on whether the catalyst and tyre waste are mixed together or arranged in layers. Since the layered arrangement favoured the formation of hydrocarbons, such a system was used in the drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor. The high heating rate (500 °C/s) of tyre particles in the drop-tube–fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C allowed for the obtained a raw carbon black yield of 40.8 %. A similar yield of raw carbon black determined by thermogravimetric analysis for a heating rate of 0.17 °C/s) was observed at 800 °C. However, before commercial use, raw carbon black requires demineralisation because of its high ash content (approximately 50 %). The raw carbon black ash contained up to 90 % $SiO_{2}$, indicating that it could be a valuable catalyst material. Pyrolysis of tyre waste over the catalyst reduced the oxygen content in the oil and yield. The oil yields of tyre pyrolysis without a catalyst and over zeolite Y were 38 wt% and 35 wt%, respectively. The main components identified in the tyre pyrolysis gas were methane (27.6%), ethene (28.8%), and hydrogen (15.6%). The gas from catalytic pyrolysis was richer in CO and $CO_{2}$.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Multifaceted analysis of products from the intermediate co-pyrolysis of biomass with Tetra Pak waste(2021) Jerzak, Wojciech; Bieniek, Artur; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThis study investigates the co-pyrolysis of two types of biomass (pine bark and wheat straw) with Tetra Pak waste (TPW). The experiments were performed using a fixed-bed reactor equipped with an innovative system, where a sample was rapidly heated to 600 °C before being rapidly cooled. The multifaceted analysis included the determination of the i) physical and chemical properties of the feedstocks and chars, ii) aqueous phase, tars, and waxes, iii) char ignition and burnout temperature, iv) chemical composition of gas, and v) distribution of carbon and hydrogen in the obtained products. The results showed that the addition of TPW to the both types of biomass significantly reduced the char mass and aqueous phase, decreased the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents of the char, and increased the wax and tar yields retained in the water cooler. Different organic compounds such as alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and acids were found in tars and waxes. The chemical composition of the released gases was detected in situ (by a flue-gas analyser) and ex-situ (using gas chromatography). Changes in the concentrations of $H_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $CO$, $CO_{2}$, and C2–C4 were observed. The addition of Tetra Pak to the two types of biomass had an evident and positive effect on the hydrogen content of the pyrolysis gas.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Fast pyrolysis of agricultural biomass in drop tube reactor for bio-oil production: Numerical calculations(2023) Bieniek, Artur; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Jerzak, Wojciech; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejFast biomass pyrolysis is an effective method for bio-oil production and can be performed in fluidised beds, augers, and drop-tube reactors. In this study, the fast pyrolysis of agricultural biomass (oat and corn straw) in a drop-tube reactor was investigated by applying multiparameter analysis involving numerical calculations. The main motivation for this analysis was to determine the operating parameters for fast pyrolysis under which the highest bio-oil production was achieved. In this study, the following operating parameters were involved: pyrolysis temperature (500 – 700 ◦C), volume flow rate of the carrier gas (3 – 5 l/min), mass flow rate of the feedstock (10 – 30 g/h), and diameter of the particle (250 – 750 μm). The analysis was performed using numerical methods with the Euler-Lagrange multiphase theory in a 2D axisymmetric model. According to the numerical results, selection of a particle size of 500 μm, pyrolysis temperature of 500 ◦C, and nitrogen flow rate of 3 l/min allows obtaining 51.16% and 52.09% of bio-oil for oat straw and corn straw pyrolysis, respectively. The biomass mass load did not influence the final product yield. The numerical results were successfully confirmed by experimental investigations where experiments supplied 53.2% and 51.3% of bio-oil to oat straw and corn straw, respectively.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Biomass CO2 gasification with CaO looping for syngas production in a fixed-bed reactor(2020) Gao, Ningbo; Śliz, Maciej; Quan, Cui; Bieniek, Artur; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejThe most important challenge in solid feedstock thermal conversion methods is minimising $CO_{2}$ emissions. In this work, the gasification of pine sawdust in a mixture of $N_{2}$ and $CO_{2}$ was investigated for the reduction of $CO_{2}$ by a calcium oxide loop. The experiments were conducted at 600, 700, and 800 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. The biomass was mixed with the calcium oxide at a ratio of 1:1. The chemical composition of the syngas was analysed using gas chromatography. Moreover, the high heating values of the received gas samples were calculated, and thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were performed to investigate the absorption of $CO_{2}$ by $CaO$. The results of the gasification process showed that the syngas contained $CO$, $CH_{4}$, $CO_{2}$, $H_{2}$, $N_{2}$, and other low hydrocarbons. The most significant results were obtained for a 2:1 ratio of $N_{2}$ to $CO_{2}$ at 700 °C, and a $CO_{2}$ reduction of 25% was observed. Moreover, the catalytic properties of $CaO$ increased the concentration of $H_{2}$ in the produced syngas by up to 10%. A temperature of 800 °C was too high for the carbonation reaction of $CaO$. This study presents a possible solution for achieving negative carbon emissions.Item type:Article, Access status: Open Access , Thermal upgrading of hydrochar from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction(2022) Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki PrzemysłowejSolid fraction obtained from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction is a waste produced in noticeable amounts, which according to circular economy concept can be upgraded to produce new, value-added products like: hydrogen rich process gas and carbon rich solid material. In this study, thermal upgrading of hydrochar by steam gasification was analysed. Raw material was obtained through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of digestate from anaerobic digestion of wet fraction of municipal solid waste at 200 and 230 °C, and residence time of 60 and 120 min. The further gasification step was carried out at 800 °C and the residence time was 10 min under nitrogen with a steam atmosphere. The main objective of hydrochar upgrading through steam gasification was production of carbon-rich material with developed active surface area. The study presented promising results regarding proper management of mixed wastes, which have not yet been analysed in the literature. It was noted that low temperature and residence time are favouring active surface area development. Analysis of the main gaseous products of the gasification process showed that syngas is composed mainly of $H_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $CO_{2}$, $O_{2}$, and $CO$. The hydrogen concentration was the highest noted for hydrochar obtained at highest temperature and residence time. Analysis of the concentration of each syngas component reveals that combined treatment of digestate from anaerobic digestion through the HTC and gasification process results in $H_{2}$-rich syngas products and a high $H_{2}/CO$ ratio with parallel fair quality activated carbon.