Skin regeneration and wound healing by plant protein-based electrospun fiber scaffolds and patches for tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Plant protein-based electrospun fibers are emerging as promising biomaterials for skin regeneration and wound healing due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, antimicrobial effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. This review examines four widely used plant-derived proteins: zein, soy, wheat gluten, and pea protein, focusing on their role in tissue engineering. For designing advanced biomaterials with tailored properties to accelerate tissue repair, the stages of wound healing are introduced. The electrospinning of plant proteins is described, along with the modifications that enhance key properties such as mechanical strength and stability in wet environments. Their biodegradability makes them ideal for temporary applications, such as wound dressings and drug delivery systems, enabling the controlled and sustained release of antibacterial nanoparticles, antioxidants, and antibiotics. Moreover, the enhancement of skin regeneration by plant protein fibers is highlighted, focusing on their physicochemical properties, drug delivery capabilities, swelling behavior, and moisturizing effects. Furthermore, in vitro studies are discussed, demonstrating their ability to support cell adhesion and proliferation, promote blood vessel formation, and facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, leading to accelerated tissue repair. Finally, in vivo studies are reviewed, highlighting the potential of plant protein fibers for tissue repair applications.