Publikacje (OA)

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Publikacje z afiliacją AGH: artykuły, książki, rozdziały książek, preprinty, postprinty, publikacje powstałe m.in. w ramach projektów badawczych, a wydane poza AGH.

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Access status: Open Access ,
2030 roadmap on two-dimensional materials for energy storage and conversion
(2026) Ding, Lan; Qi, Kezhen; Huang, Zimo; Yu, Ying; Yang, Ze; Tabibi, Sepehr; Khataee, Alireza; Hao, Lei; Zhang, Qitao; Popkov, Vadim; Kaneva, Maria; Lobinsky, Artem; Yu, Zhipeng; Li, Jun; Sultan, Amir; Zheng, Kun; Qu, Gan; Ma, Dandan; Shi, Jian-Wen; Ismail, Ahmed
Wydział Energetyki i Paliw
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have rapidly emerged as transformative platforms for energy storage and conversion, owing to their atomic-scale thickness, tunable electronic structures, and versatile chemical functionalities. Over the past five years, remarkable advances in material synthesis, interface engineering, and device integration have unlocked new opportunities, yet challenges in stability, scalability, and performance optimization remain. In this roadmap, we provide an updated perspective toward 2030, systematically reviewing eleven representative 2D material classes, which can be broadly grouped into carbon-based materials, inorganic semiconductors, framework materials, and layered nanosheet systems. Their opportunities and challenges in electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis are highlighted. We believe this roadmap can enrich the development of 2D materials for sustainable energy technologies, and provide useful guidance for both fundamental studies and practical applications in the coming decade.
Access status: Open Access ,
3D carbon based phase change composites: A review on progress in fabrication strategies, thermal energy storage-conversion efficacy, prototypes, numerical models and applications
(2024) Das, Madhurima; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
LHTES has emerged as an efficient and viable solution to mitigate a large amount of renewable and sustainable thermal energy wastage from solar radiation and industrial production in the twenty-first century. To date, 3D carbon/PCM composite has brought remarkable attention for achieving high performance in this field. This review provides a comprehensive outlook on the progress of 3D carbon and PCM-based composite materials as high-performance LHTES materials over the past 10 years, focusing on the synthesis strategies of 3D carbon, PCM infiltration process, and thermophysical attributes of 3D carbon/PCM composite. Furthermore, an effort has given to conduct rigorous literature to explore the utilization of different numerical assumptions and models for describing the heat transfer process between 3D carbon and PCM, thermal conductivity evaluation for the composite, and the mechanism of 3D carbon/PCM composite for battery thermal management and building application. The investigation of the advanced applications of 3D carbon/PCM composites reveals its potential utilization in building comfort, waste-heat recovery, power generation, and thermotherapy-based applications. Finally, the current shortcomings and future challenges associated with the developments of such composite are encountered. This comprehensive review will show the future pathway for researchers to develop high-performance composites in thermal management.
Access status: Open Access ,
A review of nanofiber electrodes and the in situ exsolution of nanoparticles for solid oxide cells
(2025) Lach, Jakub; Gogacz, Michał; Winiarz, Piotr; Ling, Yihan; Zhou, Mingjiong; Zheng, Kun
Wydział Energetyki i Paliw
Solid oxide cells (SOCs) can operate efficiently in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and/or solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) modes, and are one of the most promising electrochemical devices for energy conversion and storage, facilitating the integration of renewable energies with the electric grid. However, the SOC electrodes suffer performance and stability issues, especially in the case of fuel electrodes when SOCs are fueled by cheaper and more available fuels such as methane and natural gas. Typical Ni-YSZ cermet fuel electrodes suffer problems of coarsening, carbon deposition, and sulfur poisoning. Therefore, developing new electrodes using novel design strategies for SOCs is crucial. In this review work, the fuel electrode development strategies including the in situ exsolution of nanoparticles, multi-elemental nanocatalysts, and nanofiber materials have been reviewed and summarized for the design of new electrodes for SOCs. Nanofiber electrodes with in situ exsolved nanoparticles, which combine the advantages of a unique nanofiber microstructure and stable and active exsolved nanoparticles, are of great interest and significantly contribute to the development of high-performance fuel electrodes for SOCs.
Access status: Open Access ,
AA2024/fly ash lightweight composites fabricated by powder metallurgy
(2024) Nikiel, Piotr
The paper presents the experimental results on the fabrication of lightweight aluminum alloy AA2024 matrix composites reinforced with fly ash microspheres using powder metallurgy (PM) via hot pressing. The primary aim was to achieve a composite with the highest possible matrix density while preserving undamaged microspheres. A mixture of powders consisting of AA2024 alloy powder and 10 wt% fly ash was pressed at 550°C and pressures of 5, 10, 20, and 30 MPa for two minutes. The obtained composites had densities in the range of 1.93 - 2.31 g/cm3. Microstructural analysis revealed uniform distribution of the fly ash microspheres in the aluminum alloy matrix. The hardness of the composites was comparable only between the samples pressed at 10, 20, and 30 MPa, falling within the range of 118 to 122 HV0.1. The sample pressed at 5 MPa exhibited significantly lower hardness of 98.8 HV0.1. The composites produced by pressing at 20 and 30 MPa were characterized by high yield strength and compression strength, ranging from 211 to 216 MPa and 300 to 354 MPa, respectively. The composites pressed applying lower pressures, especially those at 5 MPa, exhibited significantly lower values of plastic yield strength and compression strength, with values of 109 MPa and 115 MPa, respectively. Taking into account the density, the number of damaged microspheres, and the microstructure of the AA2024/fly ash composite, the optimal pressing range is between 10 - 20 MPa, but superior mechanical properties were achieved after pressing at 20 and 30 MPa.
Access status: Open Access ,
Advancements in ZnO-based photocatalysts for effective rhodamine dye removal from water
(2024) Das, Madhurima; Ghatak, Avishek; Ray, Preetam Guha; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
The escalating growth of industries, population, and urban culture has exacerbated the global challenge of contaminated water due to hazardous organic dyes. One such noxious dye, rhodamine, poses a significant threat to human health and has consequently prompted extensive research into its removal from wastewater. Nanostructured ZnO emerges as a promising photocatalyst for tackling such hazardous colorants, owing to its exceptional performance and heightened surface reactivity. This review article comprehensively examines the photocatalytic removal of rhodamine dye by various ZnO nanomaterial-based catalysts over the past few decades. The primary objective is to investigate the impact of different synthesis techniques and modifications of ZnO, including doping with metal ions, carbon, and sulfur, or the creation of composites with various low-dimensional carbon materials, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and polymers. These strategies have been explored to enhance the efficacy of rhodamine dye remediation from wastewater by harnessing the improved photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanomaterials. The review delves into recent literature reports, highlighting observed results and key findings addressing critical challenges and outlines prospects for ZnO-based photocatalysts in rhodamine dye remediation. It becomes evident that evolving synthesis methods and optimizing the heterojunction of ZnO photocatalysts are essential for advancing the efficacy of rhodamine dye removal and contributing to the creation of a cleaner and greener environment.
Access status: Open Access ,
An adaptive framework for mobile robot navigation
(2017) Güzel, Mehmet Serdar; Kara, Mehmet; Beyazkılıç, Mehmet Sıtkı
Collective behaviours observed in nature bring new methodologies in proposing control algorithms for robot groups to perform a variety of complex tasks. In this article, an adaptive algorithm, allowing the safe navigation of a group of robots in a collective manner, is proposed. The algorithm, inspired from the adaptive particle swarm optimization technique, proposes an efficient control approach to overcome both static and moving obstacles. Accordingly, compared to the conventional particle swarm optimization algorithm, the proposed system allows a robot or group of robots (swarm) to complete the goal while avoiding static and moving obstacles as well as dynamic targets in a safe and collective manner. The simulation results verify the overall performance and reliability of the proposed system.
Access status: Open Access ,
Analysis of the prospects for the development of 3d cadastral visualisation
(2023) Grzelka, Kornelia; Bydłosz, Jarosław; Bieda, Agnieszka
Wydział Geodezji Górniczej i Inżynierii Środowiska
Motives: In the past twenty years, considerable progress has been made in 3D real estate cadastres and 3D visualisation technologies. These developments require advanced solutions for the visualisation of 3D cadastral objects. Aim: The main aim of this study was to propose an optimal 3D cadastre visualisation strategy that accounts for user needs, the types of visualised data, and visualisation platforms. Results: The optimal 3D cadastre visualisation strategy was determined by performing a SWOT/TOWS analysis. Both internal and external factors that can influence the development of 3D cadastre visualisation policies were considered in the analysis. The results of the study were used to propose an aggressive strategy (based on the identified strengths and opportunities) for the development of 3D cadastre visualisation.
Access status: Open Access ,
Angle- and energy- dispersive diffraction used to determine stress evolution in 17-4 PH stainless steel produced by ADAM and subjected to SMAT process
(2025) Marciszko-Wiąckowska, Marianna; Baczmański, Andrzej; Apel, Daniel; Klaus, Manuela; Genzel, Christoph; Chemkhi, Mahdi; Saferna, Marcin; Wierzbanowski, Krzysztof; Kawałko, Jakub; Le Joncour, Lea; François, Manuel; Bała, Piotr
Wydział Fizyki i Informatyki Stosowanej
In this study, the evolution of residual stress and elastic anisotropy in 17-4 PH stainless steel produced by Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) and then subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) was investigated. Angle- and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to analyse the residual stress profiles in both the as-built and SMAT-treated samples. The results reveal that SMAT introduces compressive residual stresses while refining the material subgrain structure. Residual stress analysis indicates that the as-built sample exhibits tensile stresses near the surface, which gradually decrease with depth. In contrast, the SMAT-treated sample shows compressive stresses, ranging from -200 MPa at the surface to -600 MPa in deeper regions. This study highlights the critical role of selecting an appropriate grain interaction model for X-ray Stress Factors (XSFs) calculation to ensure accurate residual stress characterization, which is essential for the reliability and performance of additively manufactured components, particularly applications with high level loading.
Access status: Open Access ,
Benefits from co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel for biofuels production: experimental investigations
(2024) Magdziarz, Aneta; Jerzak, Wojciech; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Sieradzka, Małgorzata
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
The application of renewable fuels and waste for energy production is crucial environmentally and economically. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising pathway for valuable products that combine various benefits including enhanced energy recovery, waste valorisation, improved product quality, and environmental sustainability. Consideration of specific feedstocks and optimization of process parameters are necessary to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the co-pyrolysis process. This work presents investigations of the co-pyrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (rye straw and agriculture grass) and RDF. These biomasses ensure efficient decomposition. The RDF, high in carbon (78.5 %) and hydrogen (11.8 %), was predominantly plastic based. Based on Py-GC-MS studies at 600°C, it was observed that the addition of RDF to biomass caused a significant decrease in the share of organic oxygen compounds among the released decomposition products. Laboratory tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor for raw biomass and RDF and 1:1 and 3:1 biomass to RDF mass ratio. The results demonstrated that the yield of char production decreased with the addition of RDF, which promoted the bio-oil yield. Despite, RDF pyrolysis meets problems, it was proved that co-pyrolysis of biomass and RDF is a good solution for their utilization.
Access status: Open Access ,
Biblioteki świata w Bibliotece Głównej AGH – współpraca bibliotekarzy BG AGH i stypendystów UNESCO
(Stowarzyszenie EBIB, 2019) Szuman, Monika
Biblioteka Główna
Access status: Open Access ,
„Biblioteki uczelniane wobec środowiska akademickiego” – sprawozdanie z konferencji
(Stowarzyszenie EBIB, 2019) Imiołek-Stachura, Karolina; Stanek-Kapcia, Justyna
Biblioteka Główna
Access status: Open Access ,
Biomass CO2 gasification with CaO looping for syngas production in a fixed-bed reactor
(2020) Gao, Ningbo; Śliz, Maciej; Quan, Cui; Bieniek, Artur; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
The most important challenge in solid feedstock thermal conversion methods is minimising $CO_{2}$ emissions. In this work, the gasification of pine sawdust in a mixture of $N_{2}$ and $CO_{2}$ was investigated for the reduction of $CO_{2}$ by a calcium oxide loop. The experiments were conducted at 600, 700, and 800 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. The biomass was mixed with the calcium oxide at a ratio of 1:1. The chemical composition of the syngas was analysed using gas chromatography. Moreover, the high heating values of the received gas samples were calculated, and thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were performed to investigate the absorption of $CO_{2}$ by $CaO$. The results of the gasification process showed that the syngas contained $CO$, $CH_{4}$, $CO_{2}$, $H_{2}$, $N_{2}$, and other low hydrocarbons. The most significant results were obtained for a 2:1 ratio of $N_{2}$ to $CO_{2}$ at 700 °C, and a $CO_{2}$ reduction of 25% was observed. Moreover, the catalytic properties of $CaO$ increased the concentration of $H_{2}$ in the produced syngas by up to 10%. A temperature of 800 °C was too high for the carbonation reaction of $CaO$. This study presents a possible solution for achieving negative carbon emissions.
Access status: Open Access ,
Biomass thermochemical conversion via pyrolysis with integrated CO2 capture
(2020) Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Gao, Ningbo; Quan, Cui; Mlonka-Mędrala, Agata; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
The presented work is focused on biomass thermochemical conversion with integrated $CO_{2}$ capture. The main aim of this study was the in-depth investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) and $CaO$ sorbent addition on the chemical and physical properties of obtained char and syngas. Under the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, the properties of biomass chars were gradually changed, and this was confirmed by examination using thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry methods. The chars were characterised by a noticeable carbon content (two times at 700 °C) resulting in a lower O/C ratio. The calculated combustion indexes indicated the better combustible properties of chars. In addition, structural morphology changes were observed. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in changes of solid products; the differences of char properties were not significant in the range of 500 to 700 °C. Syngas was analysed using a gas chromatograph. The following main components were identified: $CO$, $CO_{2}$, $CH_{4}$, $H_{2}$ and $C_{2}H_{4}$, $C_{2}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{6}$, $C_{3}H_{8}$. A significant impact of $CaO$ on $CO_{2}$ adsorption was found. The concentration of $CO_{2}$ in syngas decreased with increased temperature, and the highest decrease occurred in the presence of $CaO$ from above 60% to below 30% at 600 °C.
Access status: Open Access ,
Breakdown of Heteroclinic Connections in the Analytic Hopf-Zero Singularity: Rigorous Computation of the Stokes Constant
(2023) Capiński, Maciej J.; Baldoma, Inmaculada; Guardia, Marcel; Seara, Tere M.
Wydział Matematyki Stosowanej
Consider analytic generic unfoldings of the three- dimensional conservative Hopf-zero singularity. Under open conditions on the parameters determining the singularity, the unfolding possesses two saddle-foci when the unfolding parameter is small enough. One of them has one-dimensional stable manifold and two-dimensional unstable manifold, whereas the other one has one- dimensional unstable manifold and two- dimensional stable manifold. Baldomá et al. (J Dyn Differ Equ 25(2):335–392, 2013) gave an asymptotic formula for the distance between the one-dimensional invariant manifolds in a suitable transverse section. This distance is exponentially small with respect to the perturbative parameter, and it depends on what is usually called a Stokes constant. The nonvanishing of this constant implies that the distance between the invari- ant manifolds at the section is not zero. However, up to now there do not exist analytic techniques to check that condition. In this paper we provide a method for obtaining accurate rigorous computer-assisted bounds for the Stokes constant. We apply it to two concrete unfoldings of the Hopf-zero singularity, obtaining a computer-assisted proof that the constant is nonzero.
Access status: Open Access ,
Breakdown of homoclinic orbits to L3: Nonvanishing of the Stokes constant
(2025) Baldomá, Inmaculada; Capiński, Maciej; Giralt, Mar; Guardia, Marcel
Wydział Matematyki Stosowanej
The Restricted Planar Circular 3-Body Problem models the mo- tion of a body of negligible mass under the gravitational influence of two mas- sive bodies, called the primaries, which perform circular orbits coplanar with that of the massless body. In rotating coordinates, it can be modelled by a two degrees of freedom Hamiltonian system, which has five critical points called the Lagrange points. Among them, the point L3 is a saddle-center which is collinear with the primaries and beyond the largest of the two. The papers [3, 4] provide an asymptotic formula for the distance between the one dimensional stable and unstable manifolds of L3 in a transverse section for small values of the mass ratio 0 < μ ≪ 1. This distance is exponentially small with respect to μ and its first order depends on what is usually called a Stokes constant. The non-vanishing of this constant implies that the distance between the invariant manifolds at the section is not zero. In this paper, we prove that the Stokes constant is non-zero. The proof is computer assisted.
Access status: Open Access ,
Bridging a Gap in Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer in Hybrid Fibers and Yarns via Polyimide and Silicon Nitride Composites
(2023) Moradi, Ahmadreza; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
The pressing issues of the energy crisis and rapid electronics development have sparked a growing interest in the production of highly thermally conductive polymer composites. Due to the challenges related to the poor processability of hybrid materials and filler distribution to achieve high thermal conductivity, electrospinning is employed to create composite nanofibers and yarns using polyimide (PI) and thermally conductive silicon nitride (SiN) nanoparticles. The thermal performance of the individual nanofibers is evaluated using scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), providing significant insights into their heat transfer performance. Next, the nanofibers are applied as coatings on resistance wires to assess the thermal conductivity and insulation properties. Notably, the samples containing 35 wt.% of SiN exhibit a 25% increase in surface temperature. These innovative materials hold great promise as exceptional candidates for smart textiles and thermal management applications, addressing the growing demand for effective heat dissipation and regulation.
Access status: Open Access ,
Bridging the Tokenizer Gap: Semantics and Distribution-aware Knowledge Transfer for Unbiased Cross-Tokenizer Distillation
(2026) Wang, Huazheng; Jing, Yongcheng; Sun, Haifeng; Wang, Jingyu; Liao, Jianxin; Rutkowski, Leszek; Tao, Dacheng
Wydział Informatyki
Cross-tokenizer knowledge distillation, where the teacher and student employ different tokenizers, is becoming increasingly prevalent, yet it poses underexplored challenges: existing methods fail to capture the rich knowledge encoded in teacher logits, as evidenced by the neglect of semantic information, inaccurate and biased logit alignment, and discarding distributional structure—ultimately leading to unfavorable distillation. To address these issues, we propose SEDI, a semantics and distribution-aware knowledge transfer framework tailored for cross-tokenizer distillation. To preserve factual knowledge, SEDI employs bipartite graph-based alignment at the tokenization level and a sliding window re-encoding strategy at the vocabulary level, enabling unbiased transfer of the teacher’s next-token predictions into the student’s vocabulary space. To further retain distributional information, we align the student’s entropy with that of the teacher by incorporating the student’s own logits during training, which helps to mitigate the exposure bias problem. Experiments on ten datasets across three task domains and five different teacher-student model pairs with varying vocabulary sizes demonstrate that SEDI delivers substantial improvements, with gains of up to 19.8 .
Access status: Open Access ,
Comparative Analysis of Electrophoretic Deposition and Dip Coating for Enhancing Electrical Properties of Electrospun PVDF Mats Through Carbon Nanotube Deposition
(2025) Kopacz, Michał; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Długoń, Elżbieta; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
Integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers is a promising approach for developing conductive and multifunctional materials. This study systematically compared two CNT deposition techniques, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and dip coating (DC), in terms of their effectiveness in modifying the surface of aligned electrospun PVDF mats. Morphological characterization revealed that EPD produced more homogeneous and compact CNT coatings. In contrast, DC resulted in discontinuous and irregular layers regardless of deposition time. A key distinction between the two methods was the tunability of the coating: EPD allowed for precise control over CNT layer thickness and mass accumulation by adjusting the deposition time. In contrast, DC showed no significant changes in thickness with longer immersion. These structural differences translated into distinct electrical behaviors. Resistance measurements showed that EPD samples exhibited a substantial decrease in resistance with increasing deposition time, from 5.9 ± 2.5 kΩ to 0.2 ± 0.1 kΩ, indicating the formation of well-connected conductive pathways. On the other hand, DC samples maintained relatively constant, higher resistance values across all conditions. Additionally, EPD-coated mats demonstrated enhanced touch sensitivity, generating higher and more stable current responses compared to DC-deposited samples. These results confirm that EPD is a more effective, tunable method for fabricating conductive CNT coatings on electrospun PVDF mats, particularly for applications in flexible electronics and wearable sensors.
Access status: Open Access ,
Comparative Physicochemical Characterization of Electrospun PCL, PLLA, and PLCL Scaffolds and Cell Responses for Tissue Engineering Applications
(2026) Polak, Martyna; Neela, Nagalekshmi Uma Thanu Krishnan; Berniak, Krzysztof; Knapczyk-Korczak, Joanna; Szewczyk, Piotr K.; Marzec, Mateusz M.; Stachewicz, Urszula
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
In tissue engineering, electrospun scaffolds are valued for their tunable features, which direct cell behavior. Within this study, we electrospun scaffolds from three common polyesters: polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL), to identify differences in cell–material interactions. PLLA fibers had the largest average diameter (2.6 ± 0.2 µm), PLCL fiber diameter was intermediate (2.2 ± 0.5 µm), and PCL was the smallest (1.1 ± 0.6 µm). Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed distinct surface chemistries that are correlated with streaming potential results at pH 7.4. PLCL fibers showed the most negative zeta potential (−36.4 ± 0.7 mV), followed by PLLA (−28.4 ± 0.8 mV) and PCL (−24.0 ± 0.5 mV). Mechanical testing indicates the highest strength for PLCL mats (5.6 ± 0.9 MPa), then PLLA (3.5 ± 0.3 MPa) and PCL (1.9 ± 0.1 MPa). Cell studies indicated lower initial adhesion of osteoblasts on PLCL (∼53%↓) and PLLA (∼73.6%↓) vs. PCL, likely reflecting PCL scaffold morphology; however, viability at 3 and 7 days was significantly higher on PLCL and PLLA. Microscopy studies confirmed greater filopodia and cell spreading on PLCL and PLLA. Overall, all three are suitable scaffold materials, with PLCL and PLLA supporting cytoskeleton organization and viability better.
Access status: Open Access ,
Comparative study of grass pyrolysis over regenerated catalysts: Tyre ash, zeolite, and nickel-supported ash and zeolite
(2024) Jerzak, Wojciech; Sieradzka, Małgorzata; Wądrzyk, Mariusz; Magdziarz, Aneta
Wydział Inżynierii Metali i Informatyki Przemysłowej
This paper presents investigations on catalytic and non-catalytic grass pyrolysis conducted at 500 °C using two reactor scales: a micro-scale reactor and a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Four catalysts were employed in the catalytic pyrolysis process: car tyre ash, commercial zeolite mordenite-sodium, nickel supported on ash, and nickel supported on zeolite. The use of catalysts reduced the production of oxygenates and promoted the formation of gaseous compounds, with the most pronounced effect observed for nickel supported on zeolite. Catalytic pyrolysis produced chars with yields that were higher than those of the non-catalytic process. The coking behaviour of the spent catalysts was evaluated by analysing carbon content, with the highest content (3 wt% C) obtained for ash after the first cycle. In the second cycle, the deposited carbon content decreased for all catalysts. Furthermore, the employment of catalysts was shown to promote the production of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons in pyrolysis gas. The higher heating value of the pyrolysis gas was the highest at 21.1 MJ/m³ when the ash catalyst was first used for pyrolysis. Reusing the pyrolysis catalysts slightly reduced the heating value of the gas to 20.3 MJ/m³ over ash and 20.6 MJ/m³ over zeolite.